Pipe

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Pipe	Pipe - Dynamic Mode

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General Description

A Pipe (or Link) is used to transfer material between two units. Each Pipe can have only one source and one destination. A large amount of information is contained in a pipe for reporting and control.

• In Steady State (ProBal) mode, the Pipe serves as a simple link, requiring very little configuration.
• In Dynamic mode the pipe contains additional fields relating to required flows and network configuration. Please see Pipe - Dynamic Mode for more information.

Enabling Sub-Models

When a Pipe, or Link, is inserted, it will by default be a 'Simple' pipe, i.e. Flow conditions into the Pipe = Flow conditions out of the Pipe. However, users may specify a pressure drop and/or enable sub-models in a pipe. The user can select the sequence in which the sub-models act, however the pressure drop is applied first. To enable sub-models the user must un-tick the 'Simplify' tickbox, as shown below:

Available Sub-Models

Evaluation Block:

1. Makeup Blocks (one or more) may be enabled in a Pipe. This allows the user to control the addition of streams such as reagents, water, air, etc. to the pipe, often without having to use a PID or General controller.
2. The Reaction Block (RB) allows the user to configure any number of reactions within the pipe.
3. The Environmental Heat Exchanger Block allows the user to add or remove energy from the pipe using a number of different methods.
4. The Evaporation Block allows the user to set the evaporation of either water only or a mixture of water and all other species that are specified as both liquid and vapour.
5. The Vapour Liquid Equilibrium Block will attempt to ensure that the vapours and liquids of the selected species will be in equilibrium in the pipe. For example, if the equilibrium species is water and the pipe is at atmospheric pressure, then SysCAD will maintain the temperature at, or below, the saturated temperature of 99.97°C by evaporating water if required.
6. Discard Blocks (one or more) may be enabled in a Pipe. This allows the user to control the discarding of material from the Pipe, usually without having to use a PID or General controller. This is available in Build 138 or later.

Model Procedures

Model Procedures allows the user to implement code directly within the Pipe. The code used is almost identical to the code in pgm files.

To enable this, on the "Info" tab page tick the "Procedures" tickbox, as shown below:

Flowchart

The following shows the sequence of events if the Pipe is not simplified and any sub model options are enabled.

Model Theory

Pressure Drop Equations

Darcy Pressure Drop for slurry

[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta P = \left( \rho \times g \times dZ \right) + \left[ \cfrac {1}{2} \times \rho \times v^2 \times \left( \cfrac{f L}{D} + K_{m} \right) \right] }[/math]

where

• [math]\displaystyle{ v }[/math] is the fluid velocity
• [math]\displaystyle{ dZ }[/math] is the elevation change (positive for increasing elevation)
• [math]\displaystyle{ K_m }[/math] is a term for minor losses typically due to fittings such as valves and other restrictions. Note that in some situations, much of the pressure drop is from such "minor losses".

• The Friction Factor [math]\displaystyle{ f }[/math] can be specified or calculated ^[1] as:

[math]\displaystyle{ f/8 = \left[\left(\frac{8}{\mathrm{Re}}\right)^{12} + \frac{1}{(\Theta_1 + \Theta_2)^{1.5}}\right]^{\frac{1}{12}} }[/math]

where

[math]\displaystyle{ \Theta_1 = \left[-2.457 \ln\left( \left(\frac{7}{\mathrm{Re}}\right)^{0.9} + 0.27\frac{\varepsilon}{D}\right)\right]^{16} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \Theta_2 = \left(\frac{37530}{\mathrm{Re}}\right)^{16} }[/math]

• Reynolds number

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathrm{Re} = \cfrac{\rho v D }{\mu} }[/math]

Re has a lower limit of 1e-9.

Viscosity has a lower limit of 1e-12.

• [math]\displaystyle{ \rho }[/math] is density of the complete mixture (all phases)
• [math]\displaystyle{ D = D_i - (2 \times S) }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ D_i }[/math] is the inside pipe diameter and [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is scale thickness.
• [math]\displaystyle{ L }[/math] is the total length including fittings.

[1] Churchill, S.W. (November 7, 1977). "Friction-factor equation spans all fluid-flow regimes" Chemical Engineering: 91–92.

Data Sections

The Dynamic Pipe contains additional fields relating to required flows and network configuration. Only the fields shown for ProBal are described here.

Summary of Data Sections

The pipe access window may consist of a number of sections. This number may increase or decrease, based on user configuration and / or number of species.

1. Pipe-1 - The first section, contains general information relating to material flowing through the pipe, the Source and Destination units and allows the user to enable Demand. To enable the sub models (for example Reactions or Environmental Heat Exchange) in a Pipe, the user must first disable Simplify and then the Evaluation Block (EB) will be visible.
2. PC - Optional tab that is visible if EB.Solubility.On and/or [email protected] is enabled on the first tab.
3. RB - Optional tab that is visible if Reactions are enabled.
4. EHX - Optional tab that is visible if Environmental Heat Exchanger is enabled.
5. Evap - Optional tab that is visible if Evaporator is enabled.
6. VLE - Optional tab that is visible if Vapour Liquid Equilibrium is enabled.
7. MU - Optional tab, or multiple tabs if more than 1 Makeup Block is selected, Only visible if one of more Makeup Blocks are enabled in the Evaluation Block.
8. DB - Optional tab, or multiple tabs if more than 1 Discard Block is selected. Only visible if one of more Discard Blocks are enabled in the Evaluation Block. Only available in Build 138 or later.
9. Qi - This and subsequent tab pages, e.g. Qi.. and Sp, shows the properties of the inlet stream. This tab is only visible if Simplify is NOT enabled.
   • This is before any Evaluation Block sub-models are evaluated (see the Flowchart above).
10. Qo - This and subsequent tab pages, e.g. Qo.. and Sp, shows the properties of the outlet stream. This tab is always visible.
    • This is before any Evaluation Block sub-models are evaluated (see the Flowchart above).
11. Info tab - contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.
12. MP tab - Optional tab, only visible if Procedures have been enabled on the Info tab page.
13. Links tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams.
14. Audit tab - contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See Model Examples for enthalpy calculation Examples.

Pipe Page

Unit Type: Pipe-1 - The first tab page in the access window will have this name.

Tag (Long/Short)	Input / Calc	Description/Calculated Variables / Options
Tag	Display	This name tag may be modified with the change tag option.
Condition	Display	OK if no errors/warnings, otherwise lists errors/warnings.
ConditionCount	Display	The current number of errors/warnings. If condition is OK, returns 0.
GeneralDescription / GenDesc	Display	This is an automatically generated description for the unit. If the user has entered text in the 'EqpDesc' field on the Info tab (see below), this will be displayed here. If this field is blank, then SysCAD will use the text in the 'ConnectDesc' field - this displays the Source and Destination tags of the pipe.
Results: Inlet Flow Conditions
MassFlow / Qm	Calc	The total mass of material flowing through the pipe.
VolFlow / Qv	Calc	The total volumetric flow through the pipe.
VolFlow / NQv	Calc	The normalised volumetric flow through the pipe. The volume is calculated at Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP), default values are 25°C and 101.325kPa. This is only relevant for flows containing vapours. NTP can be specified by the user in the configuration file (see Project Configuration).
TemperatureIn / Ti	Calc	The temperature of the material flowing into the pipe.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the material flowing into the pipe.
Density / Rho	Calc	The density of the material flowing into the pipe.
NDensity / NRho	Calc	The normalised density of the material flowing through the pipe (using inlet conditions). The normalised density is calculated at Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP), default values are 25°C and 101.325kPa. This is only relevant for flows containing vapours. NTP can be specified by the user in the configuration file (see Project Configuration).
PressureIn / Pi	Calc	The pressure into the pipe.
Outlet Flow Conditions
TemperatureOut / To	Calc	The temperature of the material flowing out of the pipe.
PressureOut / Po	Calc	The pressure out of the pipe.
Connections
SourceLink / SrcIO	Display	The tag of the pipe's source unit, including the I/O connection point (PortID) of that unit. E.g. If the source is a Thickener, this will show whether the pipe is connected to the Overflow or the Underflow.
DestinationLink / DstIO	Display	The tag of pipe's destination unit, including the I/O connection point (PortID) of that unit.
SourcePortID / SrcPortID	Display	The I/O connection point of the source unit.
DestinationPortID / DstPortID	Display	The I/O connection point of the destination unit.
SourceFlange / SrcFlange	Display	The tag of pipe's source Flange. If the pipe is a tear stream (i.e. if the associated source Flange has a Tear), this will be noted by the tag comment "Has a Tear".
DestinationFlange / DstFlange	Display	The tag of pipe's destination Flange.
ConnectDescription / ConnectDesc	Display	A description of the pipe based on the source and destination units, useful for reporting. This includes the Port ID if unit has more than one type available. SysCAD will copy this field into the GenDesc field IF the EqpDesc field on the Info tab is blank.
Requirements
Configuration.Exists	Display	This field indicates if the pipe can be simplified. 0 = no configuration (can be simplified), 1 = configured (cannot be simplified). Types of configuration include reactions, makeups, qualities or species model configuration.
Simplify	Tick Box	By default this state is enabled, causing the pipe to be a 'simple' pipe with only the Qo tabs being visible. The Qi tags are unavailable for reporting, etc. If the user wishes to set anything in the pipe or enable reactions, heat loss, etc., then this tick box must be disabled. Additional fields will then become visible and the user may set sub-models in the pipe.
Simplify.Blocked	Display	This field indicates if a pipe has been blocked from being simplified due to some configuration in the pipe. 1 = Simplify has been ticked but pipe is not simplified due to some configuration (Configuration.Exists = 1). 0 = Simplify is not ticked or pipe has been simplified.
Show.Qi	Tick Box	This tickbox is only visible if the pipe is NOT Simplified. The user may enable this to view both the Qi (flow into the pipe) and Qo (flow out of the pipe) tabs, which may be useful if the user has added reactions, heat exchange, etc. to the pipe. When the pipe is not simplified and Show.Qi is off the Qi tags are still accessible for reporting, trends, etc.
EB (Flow Evaluation Block) Note This section is only visible if Simplify is Disabled.
Solubility.On	Tickbox	Only visible if Solubility has been defined for at least one species in the project. Allows the user to switch on any predefined solubility curve to adjust the composition of material in the unit.
[email protected]	Tickbox	Only visible if Phase Change at Temperature has been defined for at least one species in the project and Plant Model - Species Tab - PhaseChange@T = OFF. Allows the user to switch on any predefined phase changes at temperature in the unit.
EvalSequence	Calc	The sequence in which the sub models (which are part of the evaluation blocks) will be calculated. The sequence is determined by the priority selection for the individual sub-models. Note: If the user chooses On-AutoSequence then SysCAD will determine the sequence of the sub-models. The auto evaluation sequence followed will be the order the sub models are listed below.
Makeups	Input	The number of Makeup Blocks required. Extra dropdown options Makeup1, Makeup2, etc. will be added to allow these to be switched on and off and prioritised in relation to the other sub-models.
MakeupX	List	This can be used to switch the Makeup Block (MU) on or off and prioritise it in relation to the other sub-models. If this is 'On' then the associated page, MUX becomes visible and may be configured. Note: This field is only visible if the entry for 'Makeups' is greater than 0. If there is one makeup then X=1. If there are two makeups, then X=1 and X=2, etc.
Reactions	List	Reaction Block (RB) - Enable or disable Reactions and set the sequence in relation to the other sub-models. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured. Note: The user does not have to configure a reaction file, even if this block is checked.
EnvironHX	List	Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX) - Enable or disable Environmental Heat Exchange and set the sequence in relation to the other sub-models. If this is 'On' then the associated page, EHX becomes visible and may be configured. Note: The user does not have to configure an environmental heat exchange, even if this block is checked.
Evaporation	List	Evaporation Block (Evap) - Enable or disable the Evaporator and set the sequence in relation to the other sub-models. If this is 'On' then the associated page, Evap becomes visible and may be configured. Note: The user does not have to configure an evaporator, even if this block is checked.
VLEquilibrium	List	Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) - Enable or disable Vapour Liquid Equilibrium and set the sequence in relation to the other sub-models. If this is 'On' then the associated page, VLE becomes visible and may be configured. Note: This option may automatically adjust the species make-up.
Discard	Input	The number of discard blocks required. Extra dropdown options Discard1, Discard2, etc. will be added to allow these to be switched on.
DiscardX	List	This can be used to switch the Discard Block (DB) on or off and prioritise it in relation to the other sub-models. If this is 'On' then the associated page, DBX becomes visible and may be configured. Note: This field is only visible if the entry for 'Discards' is greater than 0. If there is one discard then X=1. If there are two discards, then X=1 and X=2, etc.
General Demand
Qm_Avail.Source / Src	Display	The mass flow available at the source, such as a Feeder or a Flash Tank. This field is only useful when Demand mode is used, either in a Feeder or as part of the Flash Train macro model. Note This field will only be visible if ShowDemandAvail is enabled in Plant Model - FlwSolve - Demand Configuration.
Qm_Avail.Dest / Dst	Display	The mass flow available for the destination. Note This field will only be visible if ShowDemandAvail is enabled in Plant Model - FlwSolve - Demand Configuration.
Qm_Demand.Source / Src	Display	The flow required at the source, i.e. upstream.
Qm_Demand.Block / Blk	Tickbox	If this is enabled, then the Demand will be Blocked from perpetrating either up or downstream. This is used to prevent demand in a recycle and also to prevent a single unit seeing two feeders with Demand enabled. (Please see Demand for further information)
Qm_Demand.BlockLowQm / BlkLowQm	Tickbox	Available in Build 139 and later. If this is enabled, then the Demand will be Blocked from perpetrating if the demand from the downstream destination or user specified Qm_Demand.Reqd is small (i.e. less than PlantModel.DemandThresholdQm). This is used to prevent demand flow lower than the Demand Threshold.
Qm_Demand.Reqd	Input	The user may set a required mass flow through the pipe. This flow will filter back to the source unit and the model will attempt to satisfy this flow requirement. Note: If the pipe is connected to a Feeder, the user should enable the variable 'Demand.On' on the Feeder. The Feeder will then deliver the mass flow required by the pipe. See Demand for more information on this feature.
Qm_Demand.Dest / Dst	Display	Flow required at destination, i.e. downstream. In Build 139 and later, if the demand is actively being blocked, some description will be shown to the right of the field to provide user feedback. Options are: "Blocked by Tear!", "Blocked!" and "Blocked by LowQm Threshold!".
FlashTrain Demand
Ft.Qm_Avail.Source	Display	The mass flow available at the source. Note This field will only be visible if ShowDemandAvail is enabled in Plant Model - FlwSolve - Demand Configuration.
Ft.Qm_Avail.Dest	Display	The mass flow available for the destination. Note This field will only be visible if ShowDemandAvail is enabled in Plant Model - FlwSolve - Demand Configuration.
Ft.Qm_Demand.Source	Display	The vapour flow required at the source, e.g. flash tank flash vapour.
Ft.Qm_Demand.Dest	Display	Flow required at destination, e.g. flash vapour to the heat exchanger.
Pressure Drop Note This section is only visible if Simplify is Disabled.
PressMethod	None	There is no pressure change in the pipe.
	Drop	The user can enter a fixed pressure drop in the pipe. The default is 0.
	Boost	The user can enter a fixed pressure boost in the pipe. The default is 0.
	Darcy	The pressure change will be calculated using the Darcy equation.
	Fixed	The user can type in a fixed pressure value.
	Diameter Velocity	The user may specify a velocity and SysCAD will calculate a pipe diameter to give the required velocity. Note: SysCAD does NOT calculate a pressure drop for this method.
PressDropReqd	Input	Allows the user to enter a pressure drop. Visible when PressMethod = "Drop".
PressBoostReqd	Input	Allows the user to enter a pressure boost. Visible when PressMethod = "Boost".
PressureReqd	Input	Allows the user to specify the outlet pressure of the pipe. Visible when PressMethod = "Fixed".
PressChange / dP	Calc	The calculated pressure change across the pipe, based on the method selected by the user. This value will be zero for the 'None' and 'Diameter_Velocity' methods.
PressDrop / Pdrop	Calc	The calculated pressure drop across the pipe, based on the method selected by the user. This value will be zero for the 'None' and 'Diameter_Velocity' methods. This value will always have the opposite sign to dP above.
The following fields are only visible if the Diameter_Velocity method is selected.
Diam	Display	The estimated nominal diameter of the pipe based on the user defined Velocity.
Velocity / Vel	Input	The user defined target velocity, SysCAD will estimate the required Pipe diameter needed to achieve this required velocity.
The following fields are only visible if the Darcy method is selected. see Model Theory
Diameter / Diam	Input	The Inner diameter of the pipe.
ScaleBuildUp	Input	The build up of material inside the pipe, thus reducing the ID of pipe. For a clean pipe, this value = 0.
K_Method	Calc K	Calculate K from user defined values.
	Define_K	Calculates the pressure drop using user specified pressure drop factor.
K_Value	Input / Calc	The pressure drop factor: K = f * L/D. If the Define_K method is selected, this is an input, otherwise it is calculated.
The following fields are visible if Calc_K method is selected.
Length	Input	The actual length of the pipe.
FittingsLength	Input	The fittings length of the pipe.
f_Method	Calc_f	Calculate the friction factor from user defined values.
	Define_f	The user can define a friction factor (f) to be used
FricFac	Input	The Darcy friction factor (f). Please note this is equivalent to (4) times Fanning's friction factor. Visible if Define_f method is selected.
Viscosity	Input	The Viscosity of the material flowing through the pipe. Visible if Calc_f method is selected.
PipeRough	Input	The Pipe Roughness value. Visible if Calc_f method is selected.
ReynoldsNo / Re	Calc	The calculated Reynolds number. Visible if Calc_f method is selected.
FricFac	Calc	The calculated Darcy friction factor (f). Visible if Calc_f method is selected. Please note this is equivalent to (4) times Fanning's friction factor.
K_MinorLosses	Input	K value for minor pressure losses in the pipe.
PipeDeltaZ	Input	The overall change of height for the pipe.
Velocity / Vel	Calc	The velocity in the pipe. Note: a warning will be given if the velocity in the pipe is too high. Velocity limits maybe set/adjusted via View-PlantModel-RC Tab. See Range Checks
Tear
Priority	First	Force the stream order to be first in the solver network.
	Normal	SysCAD determines the priority of the stream in the solver network and whether the stream should include a Tear and its solving order.
	Last	Force the stream order to be last in the solver network.
ReqdType	TearIfReqd	("NoTear" prior to Build 139.33098.) No manual tear is required. A Tear may be created if required by the solver.
	ManualTear	This will force SysCAD to prioritise setting this pipe as a Tear stream. This option is for when the user wants to influence the location of the tear stream in a recycle. The existing system-selected tear stream in the recycle loop will be reset to have no tear. It is also possible to create more tears than are required. In some flowsheets, with some arrangement of controllers, it can be possible to reduce the number of iterations required to converge to a solution and/or reduce instability while converging.
Type	NoTear	The stream has no tear.
	SystemTear	SysCAD has analysed the network and determined that the stream is a Tear stream because it is part of a recycle loop and is the most efficient stream to tear.
	ManualTear	The user has manually set this stream as a Tear stream.
Flange	Display	The tag of the pipe's source Flange that may have an associated Tear. If this Flange has a Tear, this will be noted with a tag comment and the TearBlock field will contain the relevant Tear tag.
TearBlock	Display	If the Pipe is a tear stream, this field contains the relevant Tear tag.

Qi and Qo Tab Pages

Tag (Long/Short)	Input / Calc	Description/Calculated Variables / Options
CopyToClipboard		The mass flow, temperature, pressure and composition of the material in the pipe will be copied to the clipboard. This can then be used to configure a Feeder using the PasteData Button in the Options Section. See How do I copy Stream data to a Feeder?
Include Properties		Displays a list of properties that the user can view or hide by clicking on the required property.
	Energy	Fields related to Thermodynamic properties, e.g. Hz, Hs, Cp, etc.
	Saturation	Fields related to the properties of the default Saturation species (usually H2O).
	pH_Estimate	Fields related to the pH estimate
	Charge	Fields related to Charge
	Transport	Transport properties such as viscosity and thermal conductivity
	DensityCorrections	Additional density correction variables
	HeatsOfCombustion	The Heat of Combustion is the heat released (i.e. enthalpy change) if the stream components undergo complete combustion with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas and water. Available from Build 139. (Replaces old Heating Values option.)
	ValuesAtUserTandP	Additional variables will be evaluated at the user defined temperature and pressure
	SolutionImpurities	Impurity flows, fractions and concentrations.
	H2OProperties	Properties of pure water and steam
	WaterQuality	Properties of water streams such as hardness, alkalinity and oxygen demand
The following variables defines the species model that is used to calculate the physical properties of the stream, such as density, heat capacity, etc. The SpModel.Reqd field is only shown if more than one Species Model is available in the project (e.g. Standard and Bayer3). On a Qi, QFeed or QProd page, it is an input field, on a Qo page, it is a result field. The Species Model should only be explicitly chosen when a change in Species Model is required. In most cases SpModel.Reqd should simply be set to Inherit.
SpModel.Reqd	Inherit	Upstream configuration will be used.
	Standard	All the variables are calculated using the Mass Weighted Mean of the species.
	Species Model	Use an alternative species model, such as 'Bayer3' or 'Potash'.
SpModel.Used	Standard	The Standard species model is being used.
	Species Model	An alternative species model is being used.
SpModelType	Display	This field displays the Species Model type (or Name) used.
SpModelIdNo	Display	This field displays a unique number generated when the Species Model is created.
ShowHeatingValues	Tickbox	Removed in Build 139. If ticked, then the calorific Heating Values of the material in the stream will be displayed. From Build 139, refer to Heats Of Combustion.
RangeChecksOn	Tickbox	This field is only shown on a QFeed page of units. If ticked, then range checks will be not be performed on the QFeed. Range checks can be globally switched off on the Plant Model - Settings tab page.
Qualities
Lockup.Action	Input / Display	The user may select Modify Content. The 'Lockup' values are set on the 'DLockup' tab. The field displays the actual state of the Lock Up function: If this has been enabled then this will display 'Lockup.Action(On)', otherwise it will display 'Lockup.Action'. Please see LockUp for more information. Note: Lockup must first be enabled on the Plant Model - Qualities Tab and created upstream of the surge unit before the user may modify it here.
MatTrack.Action	Input / Display	The user may select Modify Content. The 'Tracking' values are set on the 'DTrack' tab. The field displays the actual state of the Material Tracking function: If this has been enabled then this will display 'MatTrack.Action(On)', otherwise it will display 'MatTrack.Action'. Please see Material Tracking for more information. Note: Material Tracking must first be configured on the Plant Model - Qualities Tab and created upstream of the surge unit before the user may modify it here.
SzDist.Action	Input / Display	The user may select Modify Content. The 'Size Distribution' values are set on the 'DSz' tab. The field displays the actual state of the Size Distribution function: If this has been enabled then this will display 'SzDist.Action(On)', otherwise it will display 'SzDist.Action'. Please see Size Distribution (PSD) for more information. Note: Size Distribution must first be created upstream of the surge unit before the user may modify it here.
SzSSA.Action	Input / Display	The user may select Modify Content. The 'SSA' values are set on the 'SSA' tab. The field displays the actual state of the SSA function: If this has been enabled then this will display 'SzSSA.Action(On)', otherwise it will display 'SzSSA.Action'. Please see Specific Surface Area (SSA) for more information. Note: SSA must first be created upstream of the surge unit before the user may modify it here.
Lockup.InUse	Display	Displays the state of the LockUp function: Yes or No.
MatTrack.InUse	Display	Displays the state of the Material Tracking function: Yes or No.
SzDist.InUse	Display	Displays the state of the Size Distribution (PSD) function: Yes or No.
SzSSA.InUse	Display	Displays the state of the Specific Surface Area (SSA) function: Yes or No.
Properties These properties are related to the material flowing in the stream, e.g. mass fraction, volumetric flow, density, etc.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the incoming material.
Pressure / P	Calc	The pressure of the incoming material.
Mass Flow
MassFlow / Qm	Calc	The total mass flow into the pipe.
SolidMassFlow / SQm	Calc	The mass of solids flowing into the pipe.
LiquidMassFlow / LQm	Calc	The mass of liquids flowing into the pipe.
VapourMassFlow / VQm	Calc	The mass of vapour flowing into the pipe.
SlurryMassFlow / SLQm	Calc	The mass of slurry flowing into the pipe.
AqDissolvedMassFlow / AqDissQm	Calc	The mass of dissolved aqueous species flowing into the pipe. This will be the flow of all aqueous species excluding water.
AqueousMassFlow / AqQm	Calc	The mass of all aqueous species (including water) flowing into the pipe.
Volume Flow
VolFlow / Qv	Calc	The total volume flow into the pipe.
SolidVolFlow / SQv	Calc	The volume of solids flowing into the pipe.
LiquidVolFlow / LQv	Calc	The volume of liquids flowing into the pipe.
VapourVolFlow / VQv	Calc	The volume of vapour flowing into the pipe.
SlurryVolFlow / SLQv	Calc	The volume of slurry flowing into the pipe.
Normal Volume Flow
NVolFlow / NQv	Calc	The normalised volumetric flow through the pipe. The volume is calculated at Normal Temperature and Presure (NTP). NTP can be specified by the user in the configuration file (see Project Configuration (cfg File)). Default values are 20°C and 101.325kPa.
SolidNVolFlow / SNQv	Calc	The Normal volume of solids flowing into the pipe.
LiquidNVolFlow / LNQv	Calc	The Normal volume of liquids flowing into the pipe.
VapourNVolFlow / VNQv	Calc	The Normal volume of vapour flowing into the pipe.
SlurryNVolFlow / SLNQv	Calc	The Normal volume of slurry flowing into the pipe.
Totalised Mass Flow These fields are only visible in a dynamic project, when Audit is turned on from the Plant Model. Only some of these fields may be shown depending on the Totaliser Flow options chosen.
Total.TotalMass / Total.Mt	Calc	The total mass which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.SolidMass / Total.SMt	Calc	The total mass of solids which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.LiquidMass / Total.LMt	Calc	The total mass of liquids which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.VapourMass / Total.VMt	Calc	The total mass of vapour which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.SlurryMass / Total.SLMt	Calc	The total mass of slurry (solids + liquids) which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Totalised Volume Flow These fields are only visible in a dynamic project when Audit is turned on from the Plant Model. Only some of these fields may be shown depending on the Totaliser Flow options chosen.
Total.TotalVolume / Total.Vt	Calc	The total volume which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.SolidVolume / Total.SVt	Calc	The total volume of solids which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.LiquidVolume / Total.LVt	Calc	The total volume of liquids which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.VapourVolume / Total.VVt	Calc	The total volume of vapour which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
Total.SlurryVolume / Total.SLVt	Calc	The total volume of slurry (solids + liquids) which has flowed through the pipe since the model started running.
First Flow These fields are only visible in a dynamic project when Audit is turned on from the Plant Model. Only some of these fields may be shown depending on the First Flow options chosen.
Qm.At.Step	Calc	The step that flow first occurs in the pipe since the model started running.
Qm.At.Time	Calc	The time that flow first occurs in the pipe since the model started running.
Density See the section on Density for further information.
Density / Rho	Calc	Calculated Density of the material
SolidDensity / SRho	Calc	Density of the solids phase
LiquidDensity / LRho	Calc	Density of the liquid phase
VapourDensity / VRho	Calc	Density of the vapour phase
SlurryDensity / SLRho	Calc	Density of the Slurry (Liquid and Solid phase)
SolidConc	Calc	The solids concentration at stream temperature.
Density Correction Please see included properties - Density Correction.
Mass Fractions
SolidFrac / Sf	Calc	Solids mass fraction
LiquidFrac / Lf	Calc	Liquid mass fraction
VapourFrac / Vf	Calc	Vapour mass fraction
SlurryFrac / SLf	Calc	Available from Build 139.31388. Slurry (solids + liquids) mass fraction.
Slurry.SolidFrac / Slurry.Sf	Calc	Solids mass fraction on slurry basis (solids + liquids)
Slurry.LiquidFrac / Slurry.Lf	Calc	Liquid mass fraction on slurry basis (solids + liquids)
Volume Fractions
SolidVolFrac / Svf	Calc	Solids volume fraction
LiquidVolFrac / Lvf	Calc	Liquid volume fraction
VapourVolFrac / Vvf	Calc	Vapour volume fraction
SlurryVolFrac / SLvf	Calc	Available from Build 139.31388. Slurry (solids + liquids) volume fraction.
Slurry.SolidVolFrac / Slurry.Svf	Calc	Available from Build 139.31388. Solids volume fraction on slurry basis (solids + liquids)
Slurry.LiquidVolFrac / Slurry.Lvf	Calc	Available from Build 139.31388. Liquid volume fraction on slurry basis (solids + liquids)
Molar Flow
MoleFlow / QMl	Calc	The total number of moles flowing through the unit.
SolidMoleFlow / SQMl	Calc	The number of moles of solids flowing through the unit.
LiquidMoleFlow / LQMl	Calc	The total number of moles of liquids flowing through the unit.
VapourMoleFlow / VQMl	Calc	The total number of moles of vapours flowing through the unit.
SlurryMoleFlow / SLQMl	Calc	The total number of moles of solids and liquids flowing through the unit.
Molar Fractions
MlSolidFrac / MlSf	Calc	Solids molar fraction
MlLiquidFrac / MlLf	Calc	Liquid molar fraction
MlVapourFrac / MlVf	Calc	Vapour molar fraction
MlSlurryFrac / MlSLf	Calc	Available from Build 139.31388. Slurry (solids + liquids) molar fraction.
MoleWt	Calc	The average molecular weight of all the species.
SolidMoleWt / SMoleWt	Calc	Available from Build 139. The average molecular weight of all solid species.
LiquidMoleWt / LMoleWt	Calc	Available from Build 139. The average molecular weight of all liquid species.
VapourMoleWt / VMoleWt	Calc	Available from Build 139. The average molecular weight of all vapour species.
Energy Values Please see included properties - Energy.
Values at User Defined T and P Please see included properties - Values at User Defined T and P.
Solubility Values Please see included properties - Solubility.
Saturation Values Please see included properties - Saturation .
Acidity (pH) Please see included properties - Acidity
Charge Please see included properties - Charge
Transport Properties Please see included properties - Transport
Heating Values Removed in Build 139. Please see included properties - Heating Values. From Build 139, refer to Heats of Combustion.
Heats of Combustion Available from Build 139. Please see included properties - Heats of Combustion.
Solution Impurities Please see included properties - Solution Impurities
H2O Properties Please see included properties - H2O Properties
User Property Calculations Users can define their own calculations (called User Property Calculations) in the Project Configuration (cfg File) which will be displayed on the Qi/Qo page. Refer to Calculation Configuration for more details.

WQ Tab Pages

Please see included properties - Material Flow Section - Water Quality.

Sp and EC Tab Pages

The Sp tab shows the actual species flows in a stream. It has mainly read only variables, except for the options that determine the species fractional basis and how the flows in columns 2 onwards are displayed. The method by which Fractions and Concentrations is calculated is affected by the Phase which is chosen. The Sp tab shows the species flows. The optional EC tab shows the elemental and component flows. Elements and Components are listed alphabetically.

The View Options allow the user to display the Species, Component and Elemental flows in columns 2 onwards in different ways. Not all options are available for the Species, Compounds and Elements.

If the BasisPerColumn option is ticked on the Views Tab of the Plant Model, then the basis can be selected for each individual column on the Sp page. If the BasisPerColumn option is NOT ticked, then the Basis can only be set once for all columns on the Sp page.

The Basis and Display options for the Elements section of the EC page and the Components section of the EC page can only be set once for all columns.

Phase Basis

Tag	Option	Description
Species Page (Sp)
SpBasis	All	The total mass or volume of the Pipe will be used when calculating fractional values or concentrations.
	Phase	The mass or volume of each phase (solid, liquid or gas) will be used when calculating fractional values or concentrations.
	Individual Phase	The mass or volume of each Individual phase (solid, liquid, aqueous, organic, gas, etc.) will be used when calculating fractional values or concentrations.
Elements and Compounds Page (EC)
EleBasis	All	The total mass or volume of the Pipe will be used when calculating elemental fractional values or concentrations.
	Phase	The mass or volume of each phase (solid, liquid or gas) will be used when calculating elemental fractional values or concentrations.
	Individual Phase	The mass or volume of each Individual phase (solid, liquid, aqueous, organic, gas, etc.) will be used when calculating elemental fractional values or concentrations.
EleDisplay Only visible if Phase or Individual Phase is chosen for EleBasis	Sol,Liq,Vap	Only visible if Phase is chosen for EleBasis. The solid, liquid and vapour elemental displays will be shown.
	Sol,Liq	Only visible if EleBasis = Phase. The solid and liquid elemental displays will be shown.
	Liq,Vap	Only visible if EleBasis = Phase. The liquid and vapour elemental displays will be shown.
	Sol,Vap	Only visible if EleBasis = Phase. The solid and vapour elemental displays will be shown.
	Sol	Only visible if EleBasis = Phase. Only the solid elemental displays will be shown.
	Liq	Only visible if EleBasis = Phase. Only the liquid elemental displays will be shown.
	Vap	Only visible if EleBasis = Phase. Only the vapour elemental displays will be shown.
	IPhaseX	Only visible if EleBasis = Individual Phase. Only the elemental displays for the chosen IPhase will be shown.
CmpBasis	All	The total mass or volume of the Pipe will be used when calculating component fractional values or concentrations.
	Phase	The mass or volume of each phase (solid, liquid or gas) will be used when calculating component fractional values or concentrations.
CmpDisplay Only visible if Phase is chosen for CmpBasis	Sol,Liq,Vap	The solid, liquid and vapour component displays will be shown.
	Sol,Liq	The solid and liquid component displays will be shown.
	Liq,Vap	The liquid and vapour component displays will be shown.
	Sol,Vap	The solid and vapour component displays will be shown.
	Sol	Only the solid component displays will be shown.
	Liq	Only the liquid component displays will be shown.
	Vap	Only the vapour component displays will be shown.

View Options

View Option	Visible on Sp Tab	Visible on EC Tab	Description
Mass Flow	Yes	Yes	Mass Flow Rate of the species, element or component.
Mass Frac	Yes	Yes	Mass Fraction of the species, element or component.
Conc	Yes	Yes	The species, element or component concentration at Pipe temperature and pressure, as mass/volume.
Conc25	Yes	Yes	The species, element or component concentration at 25°C and Pipe pressure, as mass/volume.
Mole Flow	Yes	Yes	Mole Flow Rate of the species, element or component.
Mole Frac	Yes	Yes	Mole Fraction of the species, element or component.
Mole Conc	Yes	Yes	The species, element or component molar concentration at Pipe temperature and pressure, as moles/volume.
Mole Conc25	Yes	Yes	The species, element or component molar concentration at 25°C and Pipe pressure, as moles/volume.
Molality	Yes	Yes	The molar concentration per unit mass of water (solvent) for aqueous species only, excluding water. Available from Build 139.
Vol Flow	Yes	No	Volume Flow Rate of the species.
Vol Frac	Yes	No	Volume Fraction of the species.
NVol Flow	Yes	No	Normalised Volume Flow Rate of the species. This is calculated at the user defined normal temperature and pressure.
NVol Frac	Yes	No	Normalised Volume Fraction of the species. This is calculated at the user defined normal temperature and pressure.
Equiv Conc	Yes	No	Only relevant for ionic charged species. The equivalent concentration at Pipe temperature and pressure, as equivalent/volume. Based on calculated equivalent weight.
Equiv Conc25	Yes	No	Only relevant for ionic charged species. The equivalent concentration at 25°C and Pipe pressure, as equivalent/volume. Based on calculated equivalent weight.
PartialP	Yes	No	The partial pressure of the gaseous species only.
PartialPFrac	Yes	No	The partial pressure fraction of the gaseous species only.
Specific Hf	Yes	No	Specific enthalpy of the species, expressed as energy per unit mass.
Specific Hz	Yes	No	Specific Hz of the species, expressed as energy per unit mass.
Specific Hs	Yes	No	Specific Hs of the species, expressed as energy per unit mass.
Total Hf	Yes	No	Total enthalpy of the species, expressed as energy per unit time.
Total Hz	Yes	No	Total Hz of the species, expressed as energy per unit time.
Total Hs	Yes	No	Total Hs of the species, expressed as energy per unit time.

Please see Species Flow Section for more details.

Hints and Comments

1. The user must ensure that the View and Phase options will display the required variables. e.g. if the concentration of H2SO4(aq) is required, then the View would be 'CompntConc' and Phase should be 'Liquid'. If Phase is 'All', then the model calculates the acid concentration using the volume of solids, liquids and vapours.
2. If the pipe is connected to a unit that is 'Reset' or emptied using the 'SetState' command then the output of the pipe, or the 'Qo' section will show zero flow.