Filter Press

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Disk Centrifuge	Drum Filter	Filter Press	Belt Filter	Batch Centrifuge
No wash	Combined Filtrate only	With 1 optional Washings		With 2 optional Washings

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General Description

The filter press is used to separate the solids from the liquids in the feed stream. There is the facility to wash the solids using wash water. This water will displace a percentage of the liquid in the cake from the filter press.

The user defines the following parameters:

• The amount of moisture retained in the filter cake,
• The amount of solids reporting to the filtrate,
• The fraction of wash water that bypasses the filter cake, and
• The required wash efficiency. The wash efficiency may be specified as either an overall wash efficiency, or as a single volume wash efficiency.

If the user specifies an constant wash efficiency, then the model will use this value to calculate the percentage of the feed liquid remaining in the washed cake. For example, an constant wash efficiency of 100% represents complete displacement of the feed liquor from the filter cake. If the constant wash efficiency is set at 80%, then 20% of the cake moisture will consist of feed liquor.

If the user specifies a single volume wash efficiency then the model will use this value together with the wash ratio to calculate the percentage of feed liquid remaining in the cake.

If there is no Washings stream connected to the Filter Press, then all of the filtrate and the wash water from the unit will report to the Filtrate stream. In this case the wash water will dilute the Filtrate stream.

If the user connects the 'Washings' stream to the unit, then the liquor from the washing stage will report to the washing stream.

Diagram

The diagram shows the default drawing of the Filter Press, with all of the streams that are available for operation of the unit. The user does not have to connect a stream to the 'Wash Water' or 'Washings' connections, as the Filter Press will operate without wash water. The user may have a wash water stream without a washings stream, as the wash water which does not remain in the cake will report to the Filtrate stream.

The physical location of the streams connecting to the Filter Press is unimportant. The user may connect the streams to any position on the unit.

Inputs and Outputs

Label	Required / Optional	Input /Output	Number of Connections		Description
			Min	Max
Feed	1 Required	In	1	20	The slurry feed to the Filter Press
Wash Water	Optional	In	0	10	Wash water to the Filter Press.
Filtrate	Required	Out	1	1	Filtrate outlet from the unit.
Cake	Required	Out	1	1	Solids outlet from the unit.
Washings	Optional	Out	0	1	Wash stream outlet.
Vent	Optional	Out	0	1	Vent Stream (Vapour Only).

Behaviour when Model is OFF

If the user disables the unit, by un-ticking the On tick box, then the following actions occur:

• The field MassFracToCake becomes visible and the user may set the fraction of the feed stream that reports to the 'Cake' outlet. The default is 100%.
• All streams connected to the 'Feed' inlet will flow out of the 'Cake' outlet, unless the user has changed the above field from 100%. In which case the user defined fraction of the Feed will report to the Filtrate stream;
• All streams connected to the 'Wash Water' inlet will flow straight out of the 'Washings' outlet, if connected, otherwise out of the 'Filtrate' outlet;
• Normally no mixing will occur. If the user sends some, or all, of the Feed to the Filtrate stream, then this will mix with the Wash stream, if the Washings stream is not connected.

So basically, the unit will be 'bypassed' without the user having to change any connections.

Model Theory

The Filter Press is based on user defined variables that define the solids / liquids split, as well as the efficiency of the washing action.

The user may specify a fraction of the wash water to bypass the filter cake. This amount of wash water will not be involved in the displacement of feed liquor from the filter cake and will not be used in any of the wash efficiency calculations.

Wash Efficiency

The user can specify the wash efficiency of the filter in four different ways, as outlined below.

Wash Efficiency Method	Equation	Description / Notes
Constant Efficiency (Mass basis)	[math]\displaystyle{ R = 1 - E }[/math] where R = Mass Fraction of Feed liquid remaining in Washed Cake E = Wash Mass Efficiency	This equation calculates the amount of feed liquid remaining in the washed cake based on the defined wash mass efficiency. If there is sufficient wash water to replace the required amount of feed liquor (i.e. mass of wash water >= mass of unwashed feed liquor), then the amount of wash water does not affect the wash efficiency. However, if the mass of wash water < mass of unwashed feed liquor, then the maximum achievable wash efficiency is limited and can be calculated as: Wash Mass Efficiency max = [math]\displaystyle{ \frac {\mbox{Mass of Wash}}{\mbox{Mass of Liquor in the Washed Cake}} }[/math]
Constant Volume Efficiency	[math]\displaystyle{ R = 1 - E }[/math] where R = Volume Fraction of Feed liquid remaining in Washed Cake E = Wash volume Efficiency	This equation calculates the amount of feed liquid remaining in the washed cake based on the defined volume efficiency. If there is sufficient wash water to replace the required amount of feed liquor (i.e. vol of wash water >= vol of unwashed feed liquor), then the amount of wash water does not affect the wash efficiency. However, if the vol of wash water < vol of unwashed feed liquor, then the maximum achievable wash efficiency is limited and can be calculated as: Wash Vol Efficiency max = [math]\displaystyle{ \frac {\mbox{Volume of Wash}}{\mbox{Volume of Liquor in the Washed Cake}} }[/math] Note: Both of these volumes are using the final (washed) cake temperature.
Based on Wash Ratio (Mass Ratio)	[math]\displaystyle{ \cfrac{R}{100} = \left(1 - \cfrac{E}{100}\right)^n }[/math] where R = Percentage of Feed liquid mass remaining in Washed Cake E = Percentage Single Wash Efficiency n = mass wash ratio	The final wash efficiency is calculated using the single-wash efficiency and the mass ratio of wash to residual cake moisture. Mass Wash Ratio = n = [math]\displaystyle{ \frac {\mbox{Mass of Wash}}{\mbox{Mass of Liquor in the Unwashed Cake}} }[/math] Notes: SingleWashEff (fraction) = [math]\displaystyle{ 1 - \left( 1 - \mbox{WashEff} \right) ^ \left( \frac {1}{n} \right) }[/math] If there are no solids in the Wash Water stream then the wash ratio is the same for the washed cake.
Based on Wash Volume Ratio Reference 1	[math]\displaystyle{ \cfrac{R}{100} = \left(1 - \cfrac{E}{100}\right)^n }[/math] where R = Percentage of Feed liquid volume remaining in Washed Cake E = Percentage Single Volume Wash Efficiency n = volume wash ratio	The final wash efficiency is calculated using the single-volume wash efficiency and the volumetric ratio of wash to residual cake moisture. Volume Wash ratio = n = [math]\displaystyle{ \frac {\mbox{Wash Volume}}{\mbox{Liqour Volume of Unwashed Cake}} }[/math] Notes: Wash volume is measured at wash feed temperature Liquor volume in unwashed cake is measured at Filter Slurry Feed temperature. VolSingleWashEff (fraction) = [math]\displaystyle{ 1 - \left( 1 - \mbox{VolWashEff} \right)^ \left( \frac {1} {n} \right) }[/math] If there are no solids in the Wash stream then the wash ratio is the same for the washed cake.

References

1. Merritt, R.C, The Extractive Metallurgy of Uranium

Filter Operation

Batch Filter Operation

• This model is designed to emulate a Filter Press, which is normally operated on a batch basis:
  1. The feed stream containing liquids and solids is sent to the Filter Press for a given length of time. During this time, the filtrate is removed and sent on to the next process. The filter cake, with retained moisture, remains in the unit.
  2. The feed to the Filter Press is stopped and the cake is washed with a wash water stream. The washings stream may either be combined with the filtrate, or sent to a different destination.
  3. The washed cake is removed from the unit.
• Therefore, the liquid in the filtrate stream from the Filter Press will consist entirely of feed liquor. The washings stream will contain the feed liquor that was displaced from the cake as well as the excess wash water.
• The solids reporting to the filtrate will be divided between the filtrate and washings streams, in proportion to the stream flows.

Wash Addition

Wash can be added to the filter using the following methods:

• Manual Mode:The user specifies the wash flowrate to the filter. Based on this flowrate, the system calculates the corresponding wash ratio.
• WashCalc - TargetCalc Methods:The user sets a desired wash ratio, and SysCAD calculates the required amount of wash (liquid portion) accordingly.

Note: If solids are present in the wash, they will report to the cake. The wash requirement calculated by the WashCalc refers to the liquid portion only. For example, if the wash contains 1% solids and the calculated liquid wash requirement is 100 t/h, then the total wash flow (liquid + solids) will be 101.01 t/h.

Washings

• The wash interacts with the unwashed cake to displace the original liquor. The extent of this displacement is limited by the selected wash efficiency.
• The amount of wash retained in the washed cake is determined by the specified cake moisture content.
• Any wash not retained in the washed cake is directed to the washings stream. If the washings stream is not connected, the washings is combined with the filtrate.

Final Cake Moisture and Composition

• The final liquor content in the washed cake is governed by the specified cake moisture content.
• This retained liquor is a mixture of the original liquor and the washings.
• The proportion of original liquor remaining in the washed cake is determined by the selected wash efficiency.

Example

The Filter Press shown in the Diagram in 2 is configured to give 10% moisture in the cake, 1% of the feed solids to the filtrate, and 90% constant washing efficiency. The table below shows the material flows around the Filter Press with this configuration.

Material	Feed	Wash Water	Cake	Filtrate	Washings
H2O(l)	9.4	5.0	1.09	8.37	4.94
NaCl(aq)	0.6	0.0	0.01	0.53	0.06
Total Liquid	10.0	5.0	1.1	8.9	5.0
Solids	10.0		9.9	0.064	0.036
Total Mass	20.0	5.0	11.0	8.964	5.036

The amount of liquor from the feed stream which reports to the Filtrate is reduced by the percentage moisture retained in the cake, in this case 1.1t/h. The wash water stream then displaces 90% of this moisture into the washings stream.

Flowchart

Data Sections

The default sections and variable names are described in detail in the following tables. The default Filter Press access window consists of 3 sections:

1. FilterPress tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.
2. WashCalc tab - Available from Build 139.30498. Optional second tab which allows the user to specify parameters for wash water requirement calculations.
3. QCake - Optional tab, visible if ShowQCake is enabled. This and subsequent tab pages, e.g. QCake.. and Sp, shows the properties of the Cake stream. The tags in the QCake tab are valid even when the ShowQCake option is not selected.
4. QFiltrate - Optional tab, visible if ShowQFiltrate is enabled. This and subsequent tab pages, e.g. QFiltrate.. and Sp, shows the properties of the Filtrate stream. The tags in the QFiltrate tab are valid even when the ShowQFiltrate option is not selected.
5. Info tab - Contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.
6. Links tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams.
7. Audit tab - Contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See Model Examples for enthalpy calculation Examples.

Filter Press Page

Unit Type: FilterPress - The first tab page in the access window will have this name.

Tag (Long/Short)	Input / Calc/ Options	Description
Tag	Display	This name tag may be modified with the Change Tag option.
Condition	Display	"OK" if no errors/warnings, otherwise lists errors/warnings.
ConditionCount	Display	The current number of errors/warnings. If condition is OK, returns 0.
GeneralDescription / GenDesc	Display	An automatically generated description for the unit. If text is entered in the 'EqpDesc' field on the Info tab (see below), this is displayed here. Otherwise, SysCAD will display the UnitType or SubClass.
Requirements
On	Tick box	Switch the model on or off. If the unit is 'Off' then by default all Feed reports to the Cake outlet and all wash streams report to the Filtrate stream. If the user specifies a value (less than 100%) in the MassFracToCake field, then some feed may report to the Filtrate stream.
MassFracToCake_WhenOff / MassFracToCake	Input	This field becomes visible when the unit is switched off. The user may set the fraction of the feed stream that reports to the Cake outlet. The default is 100%.
Method	SolidsToFiltrateFraction	Specify the percentage of solids in the feed that report to the filtrate. If a washings stream is connected then this fraction of solids will be the total which reports to the filtrate and the washings stream in proportion to their flows.
	FiltrateConcAt25C	Specify the required filtrate solids concentration at 25°C.
	SolidsFractionInFiltrate	Specify the solids fraction in the filtrate.
SolidsToFiltrate	Input	The required percentage of the feed solids that reports to the filtrate - visible with SolidsToFiltrateFraction method. Note: If the user specifies 1%, then the filtrate stream will contain 1% of the solids in the feed.
FiltrateSolidConc25Reqd	Input	The required filtrate solids concentration, measured at 25°C - visible with FiltrateConcentration method.
FiltrateSolidFracReqd	Input	The required fraction of solids in the filtrate - visible with SolidsFractionInFiltrate method.
CakeMoistReqd	Input	The required percentage of liquids in the filter cake.
WashWaterBypass	Input	The fraction of wash water that bypasses the filter cake. This will emulate wash water "channeling" through the filter cake.
TargetWashCalc	Tickbox	Available from Build 139.30498. Allows model to calculate required wash water. When selected, the WashCalc tab page will become visible.
Wash Efficiency
WashEfficiencyMethod / WashEffMethod	Constant Efficiency	Use a constant mass-based wash efficiency for the filter. See Model Theory for details.
	Based on Wash Ratio	Use the single wash efficiency, together with the ratio of wash water to cake moisture, mass wash ratio, to determine the actual wash efficiency of the filter. See Model Theory for details.
	Constant Volume Efficiency	Available from Build 139.30316. Use a constant volume-based wash efficiency for the filter. See Model Theory for details.
	Based on Volume Wash Ratio	Available from Build 139.30316. Use the single volume wash efficiency, together with the ratio of wash water to cake moisture, volume wash ratio, to determine the actual wash efficiency of the filter. See Model Theory for details.
WashEfficiencyReqd / WashEffReqd	Input	The constant mass-based wash efficiency - visible with the Constant Efficiency wash method. For example, 90% wash efficiency means that the liquid in the cake consists of 90% wash water and 10% feed liquor by mass.
SingleWashEffReqd	Input	The single wash efficiency - visible with the Based on Wash Ratio wash method. In this case, 90% single wash efficiency may give a final wash efficiency of more or less than 90% depending upon the mass ratio of wash water to cake moisture.
VolWashEfficiencyReqd / VolWashEffReqd	Input	The constant volume-based wash efficiency - visible with the Constant Volume Efficiency wash method. For example, 90% wash efficiency means that the liquid in the cake consists of 90% wash water and 10% feed liquor by volume.
VolSingleWashEffReqd	Input	The single volume wash efficiency - visible with the Based on Volume Wash Ratio wash method. In this case, 90% single volume wash efficiency may give a final wash efficiency of more or less than 90% depending upon the volumetric ratio of wash water to cake moisture.
WashComponent / WashComp	Input	Choose Component/species from the drop down list for the calculation of Component Wash Efficiency. This calculation is for display purposes only.
OperatingP - NOTE: this pressure is applied to the (combined) feed, before sub-models (if any). DirectLink feeds, for example from Makeup Blocks, are excluded in determining the pressure. Typically the specified or calculated OperatingP pressure is also the unit operating pressure and outlet stream pressure, but in some models further changes are made to the pressure.
Method	AutoDetect	If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (e.g. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.
	LowestFeed	Outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.
	HighestFeed	Outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.
	Atmospheric	Outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the Environment tab page of the Plant Model.
	RequiredP	Outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.
IgnoreLowMassFlow / IgnoreLowQm	Tick Box	This option is only visible if the AutoDetect, LowestFeed or HighestFeed methods are chosen. When calculating the pressure and temperature of the mixture, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.
LowMassFlowFrac / LowQmFrac	Input	This field is only visible if the IgnoreLowQm option is selected. This is the amount required for any stream to contribute to the total flow when calculating the mixture pressure. For example, if the total feed to the unit is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.
PressureReqd / P_Reqd	Input	This field is only visible if the RequiredP method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.
Result	Calc	The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).
Options
ShowQCake	Tickbox	When selected, the QCake and associated tab pages (e.g. Sp) will become visible, showing the properties of the Cake stream. See Material Flow Section. Tags in the QCake tab can be used for controllers (e.g.: PGM files) and reports even when this option is not selected.
ShowQFiltrate	Tickbox	When selected, the QFiltrate and associated tab pages (e.g. Sp) will become visible, showing the properties of the Filtrate stream. See Material Flow Section. Tags in the QFiltrate tab can be used for controllers (e.g.: PGM files) and reports even when this option is not selected.
TrackStatus	Tickbox	Allows warning messages be displayed if requirements are not met. For example, if the required and actual wash efficiencies are different.
Results
Cake.SolidFrac / Cake.Sf	Calc	The calculated percentage of solids in the filter cake.
Cake.SolidConc25	Calc	Displays the concentration of solids in the final Cake from the Filter Press at 25°C.
Filtrate.SolidFrac / Filtrate.Sf	Calc	The calculated percentage of solids in the filtrate.
Filtrate.SolidConc25	Calc	Displays the concentration of solids in the filtrate from the Filter Press at 25°C.
Calculated Wash Values (Mass Basis)
WashRatio	Calc	The ratio of Wash Water to Feed Liquor in the un-washed cake on a mass flow basis. Note: If there are no solids in the Wash Water, then this is also the ratio of Wash Water to Feed Liquor in the final washed cake.
SolidsWashRatio / SolWashRatio	Calc	The ratio of Wash Water to Solids in the feed to the Filter Press on a mass flow basis.
WashEfficiency / WashEff	Calc	The calculated wash efficiency, based on the mass fraction of feed liquor in the cake moisture. If this number is different to the required efficiency, and the TrackStatus box is ticked, then the unit will flag a warning.
SingleWashEff	Calc	The calculated single volume wash efficiency, based on the actual Wash Efficiency and Wash Ratio. SingleWashEff = 1-(1-WashEff)^(1/WashRatio) If this number is different to the required efficiency, and the TrackStatus box is ticked, then the unit will flag a warning.
WashWaterToCake.Qm	Calc	The mass flow of wash water which ends up in the final cake.
FeedLiquorToCake.Qm	Calc	The mass flow of feed liquor which ends up in the final cake.
Calculated Wash Values (Volume Basis)
(note: all volume flows are calculated at the product temperature)
VolWashRatio	Calc	Available from Build 139.30186. The ratio of Wash Water to Feed Liquor in the un-washed cake on a volume flow basis. Note: If there are no solids in the Wash Water, then this is also the ratio of Wash Water to Feed Liquor in the final washed cake.
SolidsVolWashRatio / SolVolWashRatio	Calc	Available from Build 139.30498. The ratio of volume of Wash Water to mass of Solids in the feed to the Filter Press.
VolWashEfficiency / VolWashEff	Calc	Available from Build 139.30316. The calculated wash efficiency, based on the volume fraction of feed liquor in the cake moisture. If this number is different to the required efficiency, and the TrackStatus box is ticked, then the unit will flag a warning.
VolSingleWashEff	Calc	Available from Build 139.30316. The calculated single volume wash efficiency, based on the actual Wash Efficiency and Wash Ratio. VolSingleWashEff = 1-(1-VolWashEff)^(1/VolWashRatio) If this number is different to the required efficiency, and the TrackStatus box is ticked, then the unit will flag a warning.
FeedLiquorToCake.Qv	Calc	Available from Build 139.30316. The volume flow of feed liquor which ends up in the final cake, calculated at the feed liquor temperature.
Calculated Wash Values
RemainingLiquor / RemainLiq	Calc	The calculated fraction of feed liquor remaining in the final washed cake. This equivalent to the 'R' value in the wash ratio calculation above.
WashComponentUsed / WashCompUsed	Display	The Component/species chosen for the calculation of Wash efficiency on a concentration base.
CompConcWashEff	Calc	Available from Build 139.37062. The calculated wash efficiency of the unit for the chosen component, calculated in terms of concentration: CompConcWashEff = (Conc Feed - Conc Cake) / (Conc Feed - Conc Wash)
CompWashEfficiency / CompWashEff	Calc	The calculated wash efficiency of the unit for the chosen component. If Method = FiltrateConcAt25C, then the component wash efficiency is calculated in terms of concentration: CompWashEff = (Conc Feed - Conc Cake) / (Conc Feed - Conc Wash) else, if Method = SolidsToFiltrateFraction or SolidsFractionInFiltrate, then the component wash efficiency is calculated in terms of mass flows: CompWashEff = 1 - ((Component Mass in Cake * Mass of Feed Liquor) / (Component Mass in Feed * Mass of Cake Liquor))

WashCalc

Available from Build 139.30498. This page is only visible if the TargetWashCalc option is chosen on the first tab page.

Note: This calculates the amount of wash to be added to the filter based on the selected ratio. The amount of filtrate remaining in the washed cake is determined according to the chosen efficiency method. See Model Theory for more details.

Tag (Long/Short)	Input / Calc	Description/Calculated Variables / Options
Calculation of wash required to achieve a Target condition
WashCalc...
Requirements
TargetCalc	Wash Ratio (Mass)	The target ratio will be the mass-based wash ratio (mass of wash water/mass of liquor in the unwashed cake).
	Wash Ratio (Volume)	The target ratio will be the volume-based wash ratio (volume of wash water/volume of liquor in the unwashed cake).
	Solids Wash Ratio	The target ratio will be the solids wash ratio (mass of wash water/mass of solids in feed).
	Solids Wash Ratio (Volume)	The target ratio will be the solids wash ratio (volume of wash water/mass of solids in feed).
TargetControl	None (Info)	The required flow (WashWater.QmReqd) will be calculated but not used by the model. The required flow will be considered a target and the user will not receive any warning messages if WashWater.Qm does not equal WashWater.QmReqd.
	External Control	The required flow (WashWater.QmReqd) will be calculated but not used by the model. A condition warning message is given if the target is not achieved. It is up to the user to use an external controller to fetch this value.
	General Demand	The required flow (WashWater.QmReqd) will be passed back through the wash water feed stream using the General Demand functionality. Note: If this option is used, only 1 wash water feed stream can be connected.
WashRatioReqd	Input	This field is only visible if Wash Ratio (Mass) is chosen for TargetControl. The required mass-based wash ratio (mass of wash water/mass of the unwashed cake liquor).
VolWashRatioReqd	Input	This field is only visible if Wash Ratio (Volume) is chosen for TargetControl. The required volume-based wash ratio (volume of wash water/volume of the unwashed cake liquor).
SolWashRatioReqd	Input	This field is only visible if Solids Wash Ratio is chosen for TargetControl. The required solids wash ratio (mass of wash water/mass of solids in feed).
SolVolWashRatioReqd	Input	This field is only visible if Solids Wash Ratio (Volume) is chosen for TargetControl. The required solids wash ratio (volume of wash water/mass of solids in feed).
WashRatio	Calc	This field is only visible if Wash Ratio (Mass) is chosen for TargetControl. The actual mass-based wash ratio achieved (mass of wash water/mass of the unwashed cake liquor).
VolWashRatio	Calc	This field is only visible if Wash Ratio (Volume) is chosen for TargetControl. The actual volume-based wash ratio achieved (volume of wash water/volume of the unwashed cake liquor).
SolWashRatio	Calc	This field is only visible if Solids Wash Ratio is chosen for TargetControl. The actual solids wash ratio achieved (mass of wash water/mass of solids in feed).
SolVolWashRatio	Calc	This field is only visible if Solids Wash Ratio (Volume) is chosen for TargetControl. The actual solids wash ratio achieved (volume of wash water/mass of solids in feed).
Calculated Wash Flow Demand
WashWater.QvReqd	Calc	The required volume flow of wash water in order to achieve the Target Ratio.
WashWater.QmReqd	Calc	The required mass flow of wash water in order to achieve the Target Ratio.
WashWater.Qm	Calc	The actual mass flow of wash water.
WashWater.Error	Calc	The difference between the required mass flow and the actual mass flow of wash water (WashWater.QmReqd - WashWater.Qm).

Adding this Model to a Project

Add to Configuration File

Sort either by DLL or Group:

	DLL:	Separation.dll	→	Units/Links	→	Separation: Filter - Filter Press
or	Group:	Mass Separation	→	Units/Links	→	Separation: Filter - Filter Press

See Model Selection for more information on adding models to the configuration file.

Insert into Project Flowsheet

Insert Unit

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Separation

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Filter - Filter Press

See Insert Unit for general information on inserting units.