Water and Steam Properties
Navigation: User Guide ➔ Stream Properties ➔ Water and Steam Properties
Standard Species Model | Stream Properties | Special Cases | |||||||||
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Standard Species Model | Stream Properties Calculations | Density | Heat of Formation | Heat of Dilution | Specific Heat (Cp) | Solubility | Boiling Point Elevation | pH | Charge | Steam and Water | Sulfuric Acid |
Latest SysCAD Version: 25 February 2021 - SysCAD 9.3 Build 138.28098
Related Links: Species Table, Standard Species Model, Plant Model - Species Property Overrides, Fast IF97 Sat Properties
Contents
Introduction
As H2O (steam / water) is a common and important part of most models, the property equations for both water and steam are built into SysCAD. The user cannot change these properties.
However, the user may select the properties of H2O to be calculated using either High Fidelity (IF97), Fast IF97 Sat or Simple equations. (These are discussed in more detail below.) Obviously, the High Fidelity equations will return more accurate results for T and P, but the calculations do require more computing power. Therefore the solver speed will be less.
Notes:
- Properties for solid H2O (ice, or water trapped in a solid crystalline structure) are not included. To include these, add a species to the Species Database in the normal way with Phase = 'Solid' but the compound must NOT be 'H2O' and the Definition must NOT be H2O1, rather use O1H2.
- If alternate user defined properties for water or steam are required, then it is possible to "trick" SysCAD using a species with a Definition 'O1H2' and a Compound that is not "H2O".
- IMPORTANT: Caution should be used when including alternate properties for steam/water as the hardwired steam/water will also exist in the project!
- SysCAD does a range check on streams and many units to determine if liquid water, H2O(l), is present above the critical temperature of water. If it detects water above Tc it will generate a warning message. Please also see Plant Model - RC for more information.
Equations
Method | Description | Notes | ||
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IF97 |
Some good internet references for further information are:
Steam: 273.16 to 3000K IF97 Equation names: In the SysCAD species database, equation names for full IF97 correlations are:
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General Notes
IF97 equation Version NOTES: For Builds 136 to 138, there are two equations for Steam Density and Steam Cp: “IF97” and “IF97_2”.
For Build 139.27886 and later, the “IF97” and “IF97_2” equations have been merged into a single equation "IF97" (SysCAD 9.3 Build139 Version).
Implications:
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Method | Function | Equation | Notes | |
LowFid(Fitted IF97 @ SatP) |
SysCAD 9.3 has a new set of lower fidelity equations called "FastIF97Sat" for water and steam Density, Cp, Enthalpy and Entropy. These equations are based on accurate curve fits to the IF97 data along the Saturation pressure line. The equations are therefore a function of temperature only, pressure is ignored and it is assumed that the pressure is the saturation pressure. These equations are significantly faster and for many operating conditions, especially for water, are suitable for most simulation requirements where the full accuracy of IF97 is not required. Please refer to Fast IF97 Sat Properties for more detail. | |||
Water Density | special density function LiqH2ODensity() See Fast IF97 Sat Properties. |
The equation for water density is an equation fitted to IF97 water density along the saturation line. The valid temperature range is 260K to 647.096K. If the temperature is outside of the valid range then the minimum or maximum temperatures are used to calculate the density. In the SysCAD species database, any species can be assigned this density by use of a special density function LiqH2ODensity(). | ||
Water Cp | special Cp function LiqH2OCp(). See Fast IF97 Sat Properties. |
The equation for water Cp is an equation fitted to IF97 water heat capacity along the saturation line. The valid temperature range is 260K to 573.15K. In the SysCAD species database, any species can be assigned this Cp by use of a special Cp function LiqH2OCp(). | ||
Steam Density | special Density function VapH2ODensity(). See Fast IF97 Sat Properties. |
The density is calculated using the IdealGasDensity equation with the temperature ranged between 260K and 4000K. In the SysCAD species database, any species can be assigned this Density by use of a special Density function VapH2ODensity(). | ||
Steam Cp | special Cp function VapH2OCp(). See Fast IF97 Sat Properties. |
The equation for steam Cp is an equation fitted to IF97 steam heat capacity along the saturation line. In the SysCAD species database, any species can be assigned this Cp by use of a special Cp function VapH2OCp(). | ||
Method | Function | Equation | Notes | |
Simple(less accurate) | ||||
The "Simple" equations were called "Low Fidelity" in SysCAD 9.2. These are retained for backward compatibility. For Water Density, Water Cp and Steam Cp the new "FastIF97Sat" equations should be used instead as faster more accurate equations valid for larger temperature ranges. | ||||
Water Density (less accurate) |
[math] \cfrac{a_0+a_1T+a_2T^2+a_3T^3+a_4T^4+a_5T^5}{1+b_1T} [/math] |
In the SysCAD species database, any species can be assigned this density by use of a special density function LiqH2ORho(). | ||
Water Cp (less accurate) |
HSC_Cp(a,b,c,d) [math] C_p = a + b.10^{-3} T + \cfrac{c.10^5}{T^2} + d.10^{-6} T^2\, [/math] |
where
In the SysCAD species database, a species can be assigned this heat capacity as HSC_Cp(16.749, 62.12, 32.798, 90.391):Range(K, 273.15, 500). | ||
Steam Density (less accurate) |
[math]\rho = \cfrac{PM}{RT}[/math] |
where
The density is calculated using a rearrangement of the Ideal gas law. This equation is used for all temperatures and pressures. | ||
Steam Cp (less accurate) |
|
where
T = temperature in Kelvin This equation is used in the range from 298.15 to 500K. | ||
vapour pressure of H2O (less accurate) |
[math]\rho = 0.1333224\times10^{\tfrac A T +B\log_{10} \;(T)+CT+D}[/math]
(0.1333224 converts pressure from mm Hg to kPa.) |
where
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High Fidelity (IF97)
See IF97.
Fast IF97 Sat
See LowFid.
Please refer to Fast IF97 Sat Properties for more detail.
Water and Steam Properties in PGM
The user may obtain some water and steam values in PGM code using the Species Database Class.
Some of the values that are available to users are:
- Saturated Temperature;
- Saturated Pressure;
- Density;
- Heats of Formation; and
- Enthalpy.