https://help.syscad.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Heather.Smith&feedformat=atomSysCAD Documentation - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T15:39:42ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.4https://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Hot_Flash_Tie&diff=42679Hot Flash Tie2018-06-26T04:29:22Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* General Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Models]] -> [[Models#Energy_Transfer_Models|Energy Transfer Models]]'''<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Hot Flash Tie is used to mix a very hot stream, usually hot gases, with cooler streams containing water (quenching) or moist solids. The main reason for using this model it to prevent the situation where the unit mixes a very hot stream and a cooler feed stream that contains liquid water, and the resulting temperature is above the critical temperature for water. The Hot Flash Tie will flash sufficient water to prevent the situation where water exists above the critical temperature.<br />
<br />
When the two streams mix, heat is transferred from the hot stream to heat up and, if necessary, flash the moisture in the wet stream. This is the 'automatic' flash that occurs in this unit. The user may enable other sub-models, such as reactions or Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE), in the unit. All sub models will be evaluated after the initial feed mixing and 'automatic' flashing of moisture.<br />
<br />
'''NOTES'''<br />
# The Unit will only flash sufficient water achieve a mix temperature below the Critical temperature - in some cases only a part or none of the feed water may be flashed.<br />
# It is recommended that the VLE sub model is enabled to ensure that the discharge mixture is at the correct saturated conditions for the given pressure and any gasses present.<br />
# The behaviour of this unit is very similar to a normal [[Tie]] unit operation, with the exception that it has a built-in Water Flash reaction and has limited splitting options. <br />
<br />
This unit operation is available in SysCAD 9.2 Builld 135.15990 or later.<br />
<br />
=== Available Sub-Models ===<br />
<br />
# [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Blocks]] (one or more) may be enabled. This allows the user to control the addition of streams such as reagents, water, air, etc to the Hot Flash Tie, often without having to use a PID or General controller.<br />
# The [[Reaction Block (RB)]] allows the user to configure any number of reactions in the Hot Flash Tie.<br />
#: NOTE: The hot flash tie has a built in water flash reaction that will occur to the combined feed stream to the unit. Any user defined reactions will occur after this step.<br />
# The [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)|Environmental Heat Exchanger Block]] allows the user to add or remove energy from the Hot Flash Tie using a number of different methods.<br />
# The [[Evaporation Block (Evap)|Evaporation Block]] allows the user to set the evaporation of either water only or a mixture of water and all other species that are specified as both liquid and vapour. <br />
# The [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)|Vapour Liquid Equilibrium Block]] will attempt to ensure that the vapours and liquids of the selected species will be in equilibrium in the unit. For example, if the equilibrium species is water and the unit is at atmospheric pressure, then SysCAD will maintain the temperature at, or below, the saturated temperature of 99.97&deg;C by evaporating water if required.<br />
<br />
== Diagram ==<br />
<br />
[[File:HFT.png]]<br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Hot Flash Tie, with a number of connecting streams.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required / Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| Hot Feed || 1 Required || Input ||1 || 20 || High temperature feed stream, e.g. Hot Air. <br />
|-<br />
| Wet Feed || Optional || Input ||0 || 10 || Wet feed stream, containing water, e.g. Calciner Feed.<br />
|-<br />
| Product || 1 Required || Output || 1 || 1 || Mixed stream after flashing of water, e.g. Calcined Solids.<br />
|-<br />
| Vent || Optional || Output || 0 || 1 || Optional Vent for the gas phase, e.g. Hot Air + Flash Vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
:[[Image:Model-HFT-flowchart.png]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
=== Summary of Data Sections ===<br />
<br />
# '''[[#HotFlashTie Page|HotFlashTie]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[EHX]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the EnvironHX is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Evap]]''' - Optional tab that is visible if Evaporator is enabled.<br />
# '''[[VLE]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the VLEquilibrium is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[MU]]''' - Optional tab, or multiple tabs if more than 1 Makeup is selected. Only visible if one of more Makeup is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QFeed]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQFeed'' is enabled. This page shows the properties of the mixed stream as the feed to the tie. <br />
#* This is before any Evaluation Block models are evaluated.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QProd]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQProd'' is selected. This page shows the properties of the mixed output stream as the product before separation to outlet streams of the tie. <br />
#* This is after any Evaluation Block models are evaluated, but before flow splits. <br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab - contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===HotFlashTie Page===<br />
'''Class: HotFlashTie The first tab page in the access window will have this name.'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
! Tag (Long/Short) || Input / Calc || Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |<br />
'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
| Width=150|On || Tickbox || This variable in used to enable flashing in the unit. If this not selected, the material will flow out of the liquor outlet with no change in state, i.e. the unit acts as a pipe. <br />
|- <br />
| SolFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the solids to go out with the Gas stream (solid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|- <br />
| LiqFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the liquids to go out with the Gas stream (Liquid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== OperatingP ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" |<br />
Method<br />
| |<br />
Atmospheric<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Environment tab page|Environment tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect<br />
| |<br />
If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| HighestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowMassFlow/ IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowMassFlowFrac / LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== EB (Flow Evaluation Block) ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | EvalSequence ||font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc ||The sequence in which the sub models (which are part of the evaluation blocks) will be calculated. The sequence is determined by the priority selection for the individual sub-models. If none are selected, the default evaluation sequence is MU,RB,EHX,VLE.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups || Input || The number of makeup blocks required. Extra dropdown options Makeup1, Makeup2, etc will be added to allow these to be switched on.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeup1 || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Makeup Block (MU)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, MU1 becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This field is only visible if the entry for 'Makeups' is greater then 0.<br />
|-<br />
| Reactions || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Reaction Block (RB)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure a reaction file, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| EnvironHX || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, EHX may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an environmental heat exchange, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Evaporation || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Evaporation Block (Evap)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, Evap may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an evaporator, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| VLEquilibrium || List || This can be used to switch on [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, VLE becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This option may automatically adjust the species make-up.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Options ===<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQFeed || Tick Box || QFeed and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the combined feed stream. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be prior to any sub-model (eg reactions) actions.<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQProd || Tick Box || QProd and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the products. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be after the actions of any sub-models and before any flow splits with the [[GM]] model.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.MassFlow / HotFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureIn / HotFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureOut / HotFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams after providing heat to flash the water in the wet feed stream. <br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.MassFlow / WetFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureIn / WetFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureOut / WetFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams after the flashing of water.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Temperature / Mix.T || Result || The combined Hot and Wet Feed streams temperature after flashing has occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Pressure / Mix.P || Result || The pressure of the combined mixture.<br />
|-<br />
|VapFlashed.MassFlow / VapFlashed.Qm || Result || The amount of flashed vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|VapFlashed.Energy || Result || The energy that is required to flash any water in the wet feed streams to achieve a final temperature below the critical temperature of water. This energy is obtained from the Hot Feed stream.<br>In cases where there is no requirement for water to be flashed, then this value will be zero.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
HeatExchange.dll <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
or <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Energy Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.<br />
<br />
== Hints and Comments ==<br />
<br />
TBC</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Hot_Flash_Tie&diff=42678Hot Flash Tie2018-06-26T04:25:18Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* General Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Models]] -> [[Models#Energy_Transfer_Models|Energy Transfer Models]]'''<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Hot Flash Tie is used to mix a very hot stream, usually hot gases, with cooler streams containing water (quenching) or moist solids. The main reason for using this model it to prevent the situation where the unit mixes a very hot stream and a cooler feed stream that contains liquid water, and the resulting temperature is above the critical temperature for water. The Hot Flash Tie will flash sufficient water to prevent the situation where water exists above the critical temperature.<br />
<br />
When the two streams mix, heat is transferred from the hot stream to heat up and, if necessary, flash the moisture in the wet stream. The user may also enable reactions or Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) in the unit to perform other reactions or to achieve equilibrium. All sub models will be evaluated after the initial feed mixing and flashing of moisture.<br />
<br />
'''NOTES'''<br />
# The Unit will only flash sufficient water achieve a mix temperature below the Critical temperature - in some cases only a part or none of the feed water may be flashed.<br />
# It is recommended that the VLE sub model is enabled used to ensure that the discharge mixture is at the correct saturated conditions for the given pressure and any gasses present.<br />
# The behaviour of this unit is very similar to a normal [[Tie]] unit operation, with the exception that it has a built-in Water Flash reaction and has limited splitting options. <br />
<br />
This unit operation is available in SysCAD 9.2 Builld 135.15990 or later.<br />
<br />
=== Available Sub-Models ===<br />
<br />
# [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Blocks]] (one or more) may be enabled. This allows the user to control the addition of streams such as reagents, water, air, etc to the Hot Flash Tie, often without having to use a PID or General controller.<br />
# The [[Reaction Block (RB)]] allows the user to configure any number of reactions in the Hot Flash Tie.<br />
#: NOTE: The hot flash tie has a built in water flash reaction that will occur to the combined feed stream to the unit. Any user defined reactions will occur after this step.<br />
# The [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)|Environmental Heat Exchanger Block]] allows the user to add or remove energy from the Hot Flash Tie using a number of different methods.<br />
# The [[Evaporation Block (Evap)|Evaporation Block]] allows the user to set the evaporation of either water only or a mixture of water and all other species that are specified as both liquid and vapour. <br />
# The [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)|Vapour Liquid Equilibrium Block]] will attempt to ensure that the vapours and liquids of the selected species will be in equilibrium in the unit. For example, if the equilibrium species is water and the unit is at atmospheric pressure, then SysCAD will maintain the temperature at, or below, the saturated temperature of 99.97&deg;C by evaporating water if required.<br />
<br />
== Diagram ==<br />
<br />
[[File:HFT.png]]<br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Hot Flash Tie, with a number of connecting streams.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required / Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| Hot Feed || 1 Required || Input ||1 || 20 || High temperature feed stream, e.g. Hot Air. <br />
|-<br />
| Wet Feed || Optional || Input ||0 || 10 || Wet feed stream, containing water, e.g. Calciner Feed.<br />
|-<br />
| Product || 1 Required || Output || 1 || 1 || Mixed stream after flashing of water, e.g. Calcined Solids.<br />
|-<br />
| Vent || Optional || Output || 0 || 1 || Optional Vent for the gas phase, e.g. Hot Air + Flash Vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
:[[Image:Model-HFT-flowchart.png]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
=== Summary of Data Sections ===<br />
<br />
# '''[[#HotFlashTie Page|HotFlashTie]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[EHX]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the EnvironHX is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Evap]]''' - Optional tab that is visible if Evaporator is enabled.<br />
# '''[[VLE]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the VLEquilibrium is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[MU]]''' - Optional tab, or multiple tabs if more than 1 Makeup is selected. Only visible if one of more Makeup is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QFeed]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQFeed'' is enabled. This page shows the properties of the mixed stream as the feed to the tie. <br />
#* This is before any Evaluation Block models are evaluated.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QProd]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQProd'' is selected. This page shows the properties of the mixed output stream as the product before separation to outlet streams of the tie. <br />
#* This is after any Evaluation Block models are evaluated, but before flow splits. <br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab - contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===HotFlashTie Page===<br />
'''Class: HotFlashTie The first tab page in the access window will have this name.'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
! Tag (Long/Short) || Input / Calc || Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |<br />
'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
| Width=150|On || Tickbox || This variable in used to enable flashing in the unit. If this not selected, the material will flow out of the liquor outlet with no change in state, i.e. the unit acts as a pipe. <br />
|- <br />
| SolFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the solids to go out with the Gas stream (solid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|- <br />
| LiqFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the liquids to go out with the Gas stream (Liquid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== OperatingP ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" |<br />
Method<br />
| |<br />
Atmospheric<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Environment tab page|Environment tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect<br />
| |<br />
If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| HighestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowMassFlow/ IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowMassFlowFrac / LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== EB (Flow Evaluation Block) ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | EvalSequence ||font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc ||The sequence in which the sub models (which are part of the evaluation blocks) will be calculated. The sequence is determined by the priority selection for the individual sub-models. If none are selected, the default evaluation sequence is MU,RB,EHX,VLE.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups || Input || The number of makeup blocks required. Extra dropdown options Makeup1, Makeup2, etc will be added to allow these to be switched on.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeup1 || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Makeup Block (MU)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, MU1 becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This field is only visible if the entry for 'Makeups' is greater then 0.<br />
|-<br />
| Reactions || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Reaction Block (RB)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure a reaction file, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| EnvironHX || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, EHX may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an environmental heat exchange, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Evaporation || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Evaporation Block (Evap)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, Evap may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an evaporator, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| VLEquilibrium || List || This can be used to switch on [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, VLE becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This option may automatically adjust the species make-up.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Options ===<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQFeed || Tick Box || QFeed and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the combined feed stream. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be prior to any sub-model (eg reactions) actions.<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQProd || Tick Box || QProd and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the products. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be after the actions of any sub-models and before any flow splits with the [[GM]] model.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.MassFlow / HotFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureIn / HotFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureOut / HotFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams after providing heat to flash the water in the wet feed stream. <br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.MassFlow / WetFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureIn / WetFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureOut / WetFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams after the flashing of water.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Temperature / Mix.T || Result || The combined Hot and Wet Feed streams temperature after flashing has occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Pressure / Mix.P || Result || The pressure of the combined mixture.<br />
|-<br />
|VapFlashed.MassFlow / VapFlashed.Qm || Result || The amount of flashed vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|VapFlashed.Energy || Result || The energy that is required to flash any water in the wet feed streams to achieve a final temperature below the critical temperature of water. This energy is obtained from the Hot Feed stream.<br>In cases where there is no requirement for water to be flashed, then this value will be zero.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
HeatExchange.dll <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
or <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Energy Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.<br />
<br />
== Hints and Comments ==<br />
<br />
TBC</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Hot_Flash_Tie&diff=42677Hot Flash Tie2018-06-26T03:54:25Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Results */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Models]] -> [[Models#Energy_Transfer_Models|Energy Transfer Models]]'''<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Hot Flash Tie is used to mix a very hot stream, usually hot gases, with cooler streams containing water (quenching) or moist solids. The main reason for using this model it to prevent the situation where the unit mixes a hot stream with a feed stream that contains liquid water and the resulting temperature is above the critical temperature for water. The Hot Flash Tie will flash sufficient water to prevent the situation where water exists above the critical temperature.<br />
<br />
When the two streams mix, heat is transferred from the hot stream to heat up and, if necessary, flash the moisture in the wet stream. The user may also enable reactions or Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) in the unit to perform other reactions or to achieve equilibrium. All sub models will be evaluated after the initial feed mixing and flashing of moisture.<br />
<br />
'''NOTES'''<br />
# The Unit will only flash sufficient water achieve a mix temperature below the Critical temperature - in some cases only a part or none of the feed water may be flashed.<br />
# It is recommended that the VLE sub model is enabled used to ensure that the discharge mixture is at the correct saturated conditions for the given pressure and any gasses present.<br />
# The behaviour of this unit is very similar to a normal [[Tie]] unit operation, with the exception that it has a built-in Water Flash reaction and has limited splitting options. <br />
<br />
This unit operation is available in SysCAD 9.2 Builld 135.15990 or later.<br />
<br />
=== Available Sub-Models ===<br />
<br />
# [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Blocks]] (one or more) may be enabled. This allows the user to control the addition of streams such as reagents, water, air, etc to the Hot Flash Tie, often without having to use a PID or General controller.<br />
# The [[Reaction Block (RB)]] allows the user to configure any number of reactions in the Hot Flash Tie.<br />
#: NOTE: The hot flash tie has a built in water flash reaction that will occur to the combined feed stream to the unit. Any user defined reactions will occur after this step.<br />
# The [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)|Environmental Heat Exchanger Block]] allows the user to add or remove energy from the Hot Flash Tie using a number of different methods.<br />
# The [[Evaporation Block (Evap)|Evaporation Block]] allows the user to set the evaporation of either water only or a mixture of water and all other species that are specified as both liquid and vapour. <br />
# The [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)|Vapour Liquid Equilibrium Block]] will attempt to ensure that the vapours and liquids of the selected species will be in equilibrium in the unit. For example, if the equilibrium species is water and the unit is at atmospheric pressure, then SysCAD will maintain the temperature at, or below, the saturated temperature of 99.97&deg;C by evaporating water if required.<br />
<br />
== Diagram ==<br />
<br />
[[File:HFT.png]]<br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Hot Flash Tie, with a number of connecting streams.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required / Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| Hot Feed || 1 Required || Input ||1 || 20 || High temperature feed stream, e.g. Hot Air. <br />
|-<br />
| Wet Feed || Optional || Input ||0 || 10 || Wet feed stream, containing water, e.g. Calciner Feed.<br />
|-<br />
| Product || 1 Required || Output || 1 || 1 || Mixed stream after flashing of water, e.g. Calcined Solids.<br />
|-<br />
| Vent || Optional || Output || 0 || 1 || Optional Vent for the gas phase, e.g. Hot Air + Flash Vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
:[[Image:Model-HFT-flowchart.png]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
=== Summary of Data Sections ===<br />
<br />
# '''[[#HotFlashTie Page|HotFlashTie]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[EHX]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the EnvironHX is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Evap]]''' - Optional tab that is visible if Evaporator is enabled.<br />
# '''[[VLE]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the VLEquilibrium is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[MU]]''' - Optional tab, or multiple tabs if more than 1 Makeup is selected. Only visible if one of more Makeup is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QFeed]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQFeed'' is enabled. This page shows the properties of the mixed stream as the feed to the tie. <br />
#* This is before any Evaluation Block models are evaluated.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QProd]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQProd'' is selected. This page shows the properties of the mixed output stream as the product before separation to outlet streams of the tie. <br />
#* This is after any Evaluation Block models are evaluated, but before flow splits. <br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab - contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===HotFlashTie Page===<br />
'''Class: HotFlashTie The first tab page in the access window will have this name.'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
! Tag (Long/Short) || Input / Calc || Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |<br />
'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
| Width=150|On || Tickbox || This variable in used to enable flashing in the unit. If this not selected, the material will flow out of the liquor outlet with no change in state, i.e. the unit acts as a pipe. <br />
|- <br />
| SolFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the solids to go out with the Gas stream (solid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|- <br />
| LiqFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the liquids to go out with the Gas stream (Liquid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== OperatingP ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" |<br />
Method<br />
| |<br />
Atmospheric<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Environment tab page|Environment tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect<br />
| |<br />
If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| HighestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowMassFlow/ IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowMassFlowFrac / LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== EB (Flow Evaluation Block) ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | EvalSequence ||font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc ||The sequence in which the sub models (which are part of the evaluation blocks) will be calculated. The sequence is determined by the priority selection for the individual sub-models. If none are selected, the default evaluation sequence is MU,RB,EHX,VLE.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups || Input || The number of makeup blocks required. Extra dropdown options Makeup1, Makeup2, etc will be added to allow these to be switched on.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeup1 || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Makeup Block (MU)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, MU1 becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This field is only visible if the entry for 'Makeups' is greater then 0.<br />
|-<br />
| Reactions || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Reaction Block (RB)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure a reaction file, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| EnvironHX || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, EHX may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an environmental heat exchange, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Evaporation || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Evaporation Block (Evap)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, Evap may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an evaporator, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| VLEquilibrium || List || This can be used to switch on [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, VLE becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This option may automatically adjust the species make-up.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Options ===<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQFeed || Tick Box || QFeed and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the combined feed stream. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be prior to any sub-model (eg reactions) actions.<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQProd || Tick Box || QProd and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the products. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be after the actions of any sub-models and before any flow splits with the [[GM]] model.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.MassFlow / HotFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureIn / HotFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureOut / HotFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams after providing heat to flash the water in the wet feed stream. <br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.MassFlow / WetFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureIn / WetFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureOut / WetFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams after the flashing of water.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Temperature / Mix.T || Result || The combined Hot and Wet Feed streams temperature after flashing has occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Pressure / Mix.P || Result || The pressure of the combined mixture.<br />
|-<br />
|VapFlashed.MassFlow / VapFlashed.Qm || Result || The amount of flashed vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|VapFlashed.Energy || Result || The energy that is required to flash any water in the wet feed streams to achieve a final temperature below the critical temperature of water. This energy is obtained from the Hot Feed stream.<br>In cases where there is no requirement for water to be flashed, then this value will be zero.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
HeatExchange.dll <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
or <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Energy Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.<br />
<br />
== Hints and Comments ==<br />
<br />
TBC</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Hot_Flash_Tie&diff=42676Hot Flash Tie2018-06-26T03:50:14Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* General Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Models]] -> [[Models#Energy_Transfer_Models|Energy Transfer Models]]'''<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Hot Flash Tie is used to mix a very hot stream, usually hot gases, with cooler streams containing water (quenching) or moist solids. The main reason for using this model it to prevent the situation where the unit mixes a hot stream with a feed stream that contains liquid water and the resulting temperature is above the critical temperature for water. The Hot Flash Tie will flash sufficient water to prevent the situation where water exists above the critical temperature.<br />
<br />
When the two streams mix, heat is transferred from the hot stream to heat up and, if necessary, flash the moisture in the wet stream. The user may also enable reactions or Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) in the unit to perform other reactions or to achieve equilibrium. All sub models will be evaluated after the initial feed mixing and flashing of moisture.<br />
<br />
'''NOTES'''<br />
# The Unit will only flash sufficient water achieve a mix temperature below the Critical temperature - in some cases only a part or none of the feed water may be flashed.<br />
# It is recommended that the VLE sub model is enabled used to ensure that the discharge mixture is at the correct saturated conditions for the given pressure and any gasses present.<br />
# The behaviour of this unit is very similar to a normal [[Tie]] unit operation, with the exception that it has a built-in Water Flash reaction and has limited splitting options. <br />
<br />
This unit operation is available in SysCAD 9.2 Builld 135.15990 or later.<br />
<br />
=== Available Sub-Models ===<br />
<br />
# [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Blocks]] (one or more) may be enabled. This allows the user to control the addition of streams such as reagents, water, air, etc to the Hot Flash Tie, often without having to use a PID or General controller.<br />
# The [[Reaction Block (RB)]] allows the user to configure any number of reactions in the Hot Flash Tie.<br />
#: NOTE: The hot flash tie has a built in water flash reaction that will occur to the combined feed stream to the unit. Any user defined reactions will occur after this step.<br />
# The [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)|Environmental Heat Exchanger Block]] allows the user to add or remove energy from the Hot Flash Tie using a number of different methods.<br />
# The [[Evaporation Block (Evap)|Evaporation Block]] allows the user to set the evaporation of either water only or a mixture of water and all other species that are specified as both liquid and vapour. <br />
# The [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)|Vapour Liquid Equilibrium Block]] will attempt to ensure that the vapours and liquids of the selected species will be in equilibrium in the unit. For example, if the equilibrium species is water and the unit is at atmospheric pressure, then SysCAD will maintain the temperature at, or below, the saturated temperature of 99.97&deg;C by evaporating water if required.<br />
<br />
== Diagram ==<br />
<br />
[[File:HFT.png]]<br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Hot Flash Tie, with a number of connecting streams.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required / Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| Hot Feed || 1 Required || Input ||1 || 20 || High temperature feed stream, e.g. Hot Air. <br />
|-<br />
| Wet Feed || Optional || Input ||0 || 10 || Wet feed stream, containing water, e.g. Calciner Feed.<br />
|-<br />
| Product || 1 Required || Output || 1 || 1 || Mixed stream after flashing of water, e.g. Calcined Solids.<br />
|-<br />
| Vent || Optional || Output || 0 || 1 || Optional Vent for the gas phase, e.g. Hot Air + Flash Vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
:[[Image:Model-HFT-flowchart.png]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
=== Summary of Data Sections ===<br />
<br />
# '''[[#HotFlashTie Page|HotFlashTie]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[EHX]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the EnvironHX is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Evap]]''' - Optional tab that is visible if Evaporator is enabled.<br />
# '''[[VLE]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the VLEquilibrium is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[MU]]''' - Optional tab, or multiple tabs if more than 1 Makeup is selected. Only visible if one of more Makeup is enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QFeed]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQFeed'' is enabled. This page shows the properties of the mixed stream as the feed to the tie. <br />
#* This is before any Evaluation Block models are evaluated.<br />
# [[Material Flow Section|QProd]] - Optional tab, only visible if ''ShowQProd'' is selected. This page shows the properties of the mixed output stream as the product before separation to outlet streams of the tie. <br />
#* This is after any Evaluation Block models are evaluated, but before flow splits. <br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab - contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===HotFlashTie Page===<br />
'''Class: HotFlashTie The first tab page in the access window will have this name.'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
! Tag (Long/Short) || Input / Calc || Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |<br />
'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
| Width=150|On || Tickbox || This variable in used to enable flashing in the unit. If this not selected, the material will flow out of the liquor outlet with no change in state, i.e. the unit acts as a pipe. <br />
|- <br />
| SolFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the solids to go out with the Gas stream (solid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|- <br />
| LiqFracToVent || Input || Allows the user to set a proportion of the liquids to go out with the Gas stream (Liquid entrainment). The default is 0%. <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== OperatingP ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" |<br />
Method<br />
| |<br />
Atmospheric<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Environment tab page|Environment tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect<br />
| |<br />
If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| HighestFeed<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP<br />
| |<br />
Outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowMassFlow/ IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowMassFlowFrac / LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== EB (Flow Evaluation Block) ===<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | EvalSequence ||font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc ||The sequence in which the sub models (which are part of the evaluation blocks) will be calculated. The sequence is determined by the priority selection for the individual sub-models. If none are selected, the default evaluation sequence is MU,RB,EHX,VLE.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups || Input || The number of makeup blocks required. Extra dropdown options Makeup1, Makeup2, etc will be added to allow these to be switched on.<br />
|-<br />
| Makeup1 || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Makeup Block (MU)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, MU1 becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This field is only visible if the entry for 'Makeups' is greater then 0.<br />
|-<br />
| Reactions || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Reaction Block (RB)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure a reaction file, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| EnvironHX || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, EHX may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an environmental heat exchange, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Evaporation || List || This can be used to switch on the [[Evaporation Block (Evap)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, Evap may become visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': The user does not have to configure an evaporator, even if this block is checked.<br />
|-<br />
| VLEquilibrium || List || This can be used to switch on [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)]]. If this is 'On' then the associated page, VLE becomes visible and may be configured. <br> '''Note''': This option may automatically adjust the species make-up.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Options ===<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQFeed || Tick Box || QFeed and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the combined feed stream. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be prior to any sub-model (eg reactions) actions.<br />
|-<br />
| ShowQProd || Tick Box || QProd and associated tab pages (eg Qm) will become visible, showing the properties of the products. See [[Material Flow Section]]. This will be after the actions of any sub-models and before any flow splits with the [[GM]] model.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.MassFlow / HotFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureIn / HotFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|HotFeed.TemperatureOut / HotFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Hot Feed streams after providing heat to flash the water in the wet feed stream. <br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.MassFlow / WetFeed.Qm || Result || The total mass flow of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureIn / WetFeed.Ti || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams entering the model.<br />
|-<br />
|WetFeed.TemperatureOut / WetFeed.To || Result || The temperature of the combined Wet Feed streams after the flashing of water.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Temperature / Mix.T || Result || The combined Hot and Wet Feed streams temperature after flashing has occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|Mix.Pressure / Mix.P || Result || The pressure of the combined mixture.<br />
|-<br />
|VapFlashed.MassFlow / VapFlashed.Qm || Result || The amount of flashed vapour.<br />
|-<br />
|Duty || Result || The energy exchanged between the Hot Feed stream and the wet feed stream.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
HeatExchange.dll <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
or <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Energy Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer: Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Heat Transfer <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Tie - Hot Flash Mixer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.<br />
<br />
== Hints and Comments ==<br />
<br />
TBC</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Evaporative_Dryer&diff=42663Evaporative Dryer2018-06-25T23:35:23Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* General Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Mass Separation Models|Mass Separation Models]]'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is used to remove the water from the solids in the feed stream. The model will use the user defined moisture remaining in the cake to calculate the amount of water to be evaporated off. Any liquid impurities will remain in the cake moisture. The unit also allows for some solids loss with the evaporated moisture. <br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# This model assumes that the energy required for the drying and evaporation of water is supplied by an EXTERNAL source, therefore the user does not have to supply a heating stream, such as hot gas.<br />
# The feed to the model is normally a slurry stream, with minimal vapours.<br />
# The model assumes that the cake has a minimum of at least 0.1% moisture.<br />
<br />
=== Diagram ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image001.gif]] <br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Evaporative Dryer, with all of the streams that are required for operation of the unit.<br />
<br />
The physical location of the streams connecting to the dryer is unimportant. The user may connect the streams to any position on the unit.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required<br>Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Feed<br />
| |<br />
1 Required<br />
| |<br />
In<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
20<br />
| |<br />
The feed to the Evaporative Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Moisture<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The evaporated moisture outlet from the unit<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Cake<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The Solids outlet from the unit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Behaviour when Model is OFF ==<br />
<br />
If the user disables the unit, by un-ticking the ''On'' tick box, then the following actions occur:<br />
* All streams connected to the 'Feed' inlet will flow out of the 'Dried Solids' outlet, with no change in temperature or composition;<br />
* No heating will occur and no water will be evaporated;<br />
<br />
So basically, the unit will be 'bypassed' without the user having to change any connections.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Model Theory ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is based on the user-defined variables of cake moisture content and solids loss. Any impurities within the liquid feed to the unit will remain in the cake moisture, i.e. only the water will be evaporated from the cake.<br />
<br />
=== Assumptions === <br />
<br />
* Only water is evaporated from the feed stream. All other liquid impurities remain in the cake moisture.<br />
* The final dryer cake contains between 0.1 and 99% moisture, i.e. not all of the liquid is evaporated.<br />
* Energy is supplied by an EXTERNAL source.<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
The following shows the sequence of events if sub model options are switched on. See next heading for more information.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image002.gif]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
The default access window consists of several sections, <br />
# '''[[#Evaporative Dryer Page|Dryer]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - Contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - Contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===Evaporative Dryer Page===<br />
''' Class: Dryer The first tab page in the access window will have this name. '''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align<br />
|'''Tag (Long/Short)'''||'''Input / Calc'''||'''Description/Calculated Variables / Options'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
|On||Tick Box||This allows the user to switch the model on or off. All feed reports to cake.<br />
|-<br />
|TemperatureReqd / T_Reqd||Input||The required temperature of the dryer. Both the dryer cake and the moisture streams will exit the unit at this temperature.<br />
|-<br />
|SolidsLossReqd||Input||The fraction of feed solids that will be lost with the evaporated moisture.<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoistReqd||Input||The required moisture content of the final dryer cake. <br />
|-<br />
|Reactions||List||This can be used to switch on the [[ Reaction Block (RB)]]<span lang="EN-AU" >. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" |&nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | '''OperatingP...''' <br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" | Method || Atmospheric || outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Species tab page|Species tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect || If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed || outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
|HighestFeed || outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP || outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoist|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The calculated fraction of liquids in the final dryer cake.<br />
|-<br />
|WaterEvaporated|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The amount of water evaporated.<br />
|-<br />
|EnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature, after reactions (including any heat exchange) have occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|RctHXReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||Only visible if Reactions are enabled in the unit. The energy required to added or removed to the reaction block via one of the [[Reaction Block - Other#Reaction Heat Exchange|heat exchange]] options.<br />
|-<br />
|TotalEnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The total energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature. This will include any heat exchange required as part of the reaction block. It is the sum of the two previous fields.<br>The unit assumes that all of this energy is supplied by an EXTERNAL energy source.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">Separ1.dll</div> <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation: Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
OR <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Mass Separation <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation : Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Evaporative_Dryer&diff=42662Evaporative Dryer2018-06-25T23:33:50Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Results */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Mass Separation Models|Mass Separation Models]]'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is used to remove the water from the solids in the feed stream. The model will use the user defined moisture remaining in the cake to calculate the amount of water to be evaporated off. Any liquid impurities will remain in the cake moisture. The unit also allows for some solids loss with the evaporated moisture. <br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# This model assumes that the energy required for the drying and evaporation of water is supplied by an EXTERNAL source, therefore the user does not have to supply a heating stream, such as hot gas.<br />
# The model assumes that the cake has a minimum of at least 0.1% moisture.<br />
<br />
=== Diagram ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image001.gif]] <br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Evaporative Dryer, with all of the streams that are required for operation of the unit.<br />
<br />
The physical location of the streams connecting to the dryer is unimportant. The user may connect the streams to any position on the unit.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required<br>Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Feed<br />
| |<br />
1 Required<br />
| |<br />
In<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
20<br />
| |<br />
The feed to the Evaporative Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Moisture<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The evaporated moisture outlet from the unit<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Cake<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The Solids outlet from the unit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Behaviour when Model is OFF ==<br />
<br />
If the user disables the unit, by un-ticking the ''On'' tick box, then the following actions occur:<br />
* All streams connected to the 'Feed' inlet will flow out of the 'Dried Solids' outlet, with no change in temperature or composition;<br />
* No heating will occur and no water will be evaporated;<br />
<br />
So basically, the unit will be 'bypassed' without the user having to change any connections.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Model Theory ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is based on the user-defined variables of cake moisture content and solids loss. Any impurities within the liquid feed to the unit will remain in the cake moisture, i.e. only the water will be evaporated from the cake.<br />
<br />
=== Assumptions === <br />
<br />
* Only water is evaporated from the feed stream. All other liquid impurities remain in the cake moisture.<br />
* The final dryer cake contains between 0.1 and 99% moisture, i.e. not all of the liquid is evaporated.<br />
* Energy is supplied by an EXTERNAL source.<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
The following shows the sequence of events if sub model options are switched on. See next heading for more information.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image002.gif]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
The default access window consists of several sections, <br />
# '''[[#Evaporative Dryer Page|Dryer]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - Contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - Contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===Evaporative Dryer Page===<br />
''' Class: Dryer The first tab page in the access window will have this name. '''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align<br />
|'''Tag (Long/Short)'''||'''Input / Calc'''||'''Description/Calculated Variables / Options'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
|On||Tick Box||This allows the user to switch the model on or off. All feed reports to cake.<br />
|-<br />
|TemperatureReqd / T_Reqd||Input||The required temperature of the dryer. Both the dryer cake and the moisture streams will exit the unit at this temperature.<br />
|-<br />
|SolidsLossReqd||Input||The fraction of feed solids that will be lost with the evaporated moisture.<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoistReqd||Input||The required moisture content of the final dryer cake. <br />
|-<br />
|Reactions||List||This can be used to switch on the [[ Reaction Block (RB)]]<span lang="EN-AU" >. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" |&nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | '''OperatingP...''' <br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" | Method || Atmospheric || outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Species tab page|Species tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect || If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed || outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
|HighestFeed || outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP || outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoist|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The calculated fraction of liquids in the final dryer cake.<br />
|-<br />
|WaterEvaporated|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The amount of water evaporated.<br />
|-<br />
|EnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature, after reactions (including any heat exchange) have occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|RctHXReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||Only visible if Reactions are enabled in the unit. The energy required to added or removed to the reaction block via one of the [[Reaction Block - Other#Reaction Heat Exchange|heat exchange]] options.<br />
|-<br />
|TotalEnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The total energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature. This will include any heat exchange required as part of the reaction block. It is the sum of the two previous fields.<br>The unit assumes that all of this energy is supplied by an EXTERNAL energy source.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">Separ1.dll</div> <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation: Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
OR <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Mass Separation <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation : Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Evaporative_Dryer&diff=42661Evaporative Dryer2018-06-25T23:32:19Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Model Theory */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Mass Separation Models|Mass Separation Models]]'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is used to remove the water from the solids in the feed stream. The model will use the user defined moisture remaining in the cake to calculate the amount of water to be evaporated off. Any liquid impurities will remain in the cake moisture. The unit also allows for some solids loss with the evaporated moisture. <br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# This model assumes that the energy required for the drying and evaporation of water is supplied by an EXTERNAL source, therefore the user does not have to supply a heating stream, such as hot gas.<br />
# The model assumes that the cake has a minimum of at least 0.1% moisture.<br />
<br />
=== Diagram ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image001.gif]] <br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Evaporative Dryer, with all of the streams that are required for operation of the unit.<br />
<br />
The physical location of the streams connecting to the dryer is unimportant. The user may connect the streams to any position on the unit.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required<br>Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Feed<br />
| |<br />
1 Required<br />
| |<br />
In<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
20<br />
| |<br />
The feed to the Evaporative Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Moisture<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The evaporated moisture outlet from the unit<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Cake<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The Solids outlet from the unit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Behaviour when Model is OFF ==<br />
<br />
If the user disables the unit, by un-ticking the ''On'' tick box, then the following actions occur:<br />
* All streams connected to the 'Feed' inlet will flow out of the 'Dried Solids' outlet, with no change in temperature or composition;<br />
* No heating will occur and no water will be evaporated;<br />
<br />
So basically, the unit will be 'bypassed' without the user having to change any connections.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Model Theory ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is based on the user-defined variables of cake moisture content and solids loss. Any impurities within the liquid feed to the unit will remain in the cake moisture, i.e. only the water will be evaporated from the cake.<br />
<br />
=== Assumptions === <br />
<br />
* Only water is evaporated from the feed stream. All other liquid impurities remain in the cake moisture.<br />
* The final dryer cake contains between 0.1 and 99% moisture, i.e. not all of the liquid is evaporated.<br />
* Energy is supplied by an EXTERNAL source.<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
The following shows the sequence of events if sub model options are switched on. See next heading for more information.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image002.gif]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
The default access window consists of several sections, <br />
# '''[[#Evaporative Dryer Page|Dryer]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - Contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - Contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===Evaporative Dryer Page===<br />
''' Class: Dryer The first tab page in the access window will have this name. '''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align<br />
|'''Tag (Long/Short)'''||'''Input / Calc'''||'''Description/Calculated Variables / Options'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
|On||Tick Box||This allows the user to switch the model on or off. All feed reports to cake.<br />
|-<br />
|TemperatureReqd / T_Reqd||Input||The required temperature of the dryer. Both the dryer cake and the moisture streams will exit the unit at this temperature.<br />
|-<br />
|SolidsLossReqd||Input||The fraction of feed solids that will be lost with the evaporated moisture.<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoistReqd||Input||The required moisture content of the final dryer cake. <br />
|-<br />
|Reactions||List||This can be used to switch on the [[ Reaction Block (RB)]]<span lang="EN-AU" >. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" |&nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | '''OperatingP...''' <br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" | Method || Atmospheric || outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Species tab page|Species tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect || If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed || outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
|HighestFeed || outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP || outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoist|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The calculated fraction of liquids in the final dryer cake.<br />
|-<br />
|WaterEvaporated|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The amount of water evaporated.<br />
|-<br />
|EnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature, after reactions (including any heat exchange) have occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|RctHXReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||Only visible if Reactions are enabled in the unit. The energy required to added or removed to the reaction block via one of the [[Reaction Block - Other#Reaction Heat Exchange|heat exchange]] options.<br />
|-<br />
|TotalEnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The total energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature. This will include any heat exchange required as part of the reaction block. It is the sum of the two previous fields.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">Separ1.dll</div> <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation: Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
OR <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Mass Separation <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation : Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Evaporative_Dryer&diff=42660Evaporative Dryer2018-06-25T23:29:49Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* General Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Mass Separation Models|Mass Separation Models]]'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is used to remove the water from the solids in the feed stream. The model will use the user defined moisture remaining in the cake to calculate the amount of water to be evaporated off. Any liquid impurities will remain in the cake moisture. The unit also allows for some solids loss with the evaporated moisture. <br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# This model assumes that the energy required for the drying and evaporation of water is supplied by an EXTERNAL source, therefore the user does not have to supply a heating stream, such as hot gas.<br />
# The model assumes that the cake has a minimum of at least 0.1% moisture.<br />
<br />
=== Diagram ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image001.gif]] <br />
<br />
The diagram shows the default drawing of the Evaporative Dryer, with all of the streams that are required for operation of the unit.<br />
<br />
The physical location of the streams connecting to the dryer is unimportant. The user may connect the streams to any position on the unit.<br />
<br />
== Inputs and Outputs ==<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Label''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Required<br>Optional''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Input<br>Output ''' || colspan="2" | '''Number of Connections''' || valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| '''Min''' || '''Max. ''' <br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Feed<br />
| |<br />
1 Required<br />
| |<br />
In<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
20<br />
| |<br />
The feed to the Evaporative Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Moisture<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The evaporated moisture outlet from the unit<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
Cake<br />
| |<br />
Required<br />
| |<br />
Out<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
1<br />
| |<br />
The Solids outlet from the unit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Behaviour when Model is OFF ==<br />
<br />
If the user disables the unit, by un-ticking the ''On'' tick box, then the following actions occur:<br />
* All streams connected to the 'Feed' inlet will flow out of the 'Dried Solids' outlet, with no change in temperature or composition;<br />
* No heating will occur and no water will be evaporated;<br />
<br />
So basically, the unit will be 'bypassed' without the user having to change any connections.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Model Theory ==<br />
<br />
The Evaporative Dryer is based on the user-defined variables of cake moisture content and solids loss. Any impurities within the liquid feed to the unit will remain in the cake moisture, i.e. only the water will be evaporated from the cake.<br />
<br />
=== Assumptions === <br />
<br />
* Only water is evaporated from the feed stream. All other liquid impurities remain in the cake moisture.<br />
* The final dryer cake contains between 0.1 and 99% moisture, i.e. not all of the liquid is evaporated.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Flowchart ==<br />
<br />
The following shows the sequence of events if sub model options are switched on. See next heading for more information.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Evaporative-Dryer-Image002.gif]]<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
The default access window consists of several sections, <br />
# '''[[#Evaporative Dryer Page|Dryer]]''' tab - Contains general information relating to the unit.<br />
# '''[[RB]]''' - Optional tab, only visible if the Reactions are enabled in the Evaluation Block.<br />
# '''[[Common Data Sections#Common Data on Info Tab Page|Info]]''' tab - Contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.<br />
# '''[[Links Table|Links]]''' tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams. <br />
# '''[[Audit]]''' tab - Contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See [[Model Examples]] for enthalpy calculation Examples.<br />
<br />
===Evaporative Dryer Page===<br />
''' Class: Dryer The first tab page in the access window will have this name. '''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align<br />
|'''Tag (Long/Short)'''||'''Input / Calc'''||'''Description/Calculated Variables / Options'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''[[Common First Data Section]]''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
=== Requirements ===<br />
|-<br />
|On||Tick Box||This allows the user to switch the model on or off. All feed reports to cake.<br />
|-<br />
|TemperatureReqd / T_Reqd||Input||The required temperature of the dryer. Both the dryer cake and the moisture streams will exit the unit at this temperature.<br />
|-<br />
|SolidsLossReqd||Input||The fraction of feed solids that will be lost with the evaporated moisture.<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoistReqd||Input||The required moisture content of the final dryer cake. <br />
|-<br />
|Reactions||List||This can be used to switch on the [[ Reaction Block (RB)]]<span lang="EN-AU" >. If this is 'On' then the associated page, RB becomes visible and may be configured.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" |&nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | '''OperatingP...''' <br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" rowspan="5" | Method || Atmospheric || outlet streams will be at Atmospheric Pressure. The atmospheric pressure is calculated by SysCAD based on the user defined elevation (default elevation is at sea level = 101.325 kPa). The elevation can be changed on the [[View Commands#Species tab page|Species tab page]] of the Plant Model.<br />
|- <br />
| AutoDetect || If there are any liquids AND no vapours present in the feed, outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds. Else (eg. some vapours present) outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| LowestFeed || outlet streams will take the lowest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
|HighestFeed || outlet streams will take the highest pressure of the feeds.<br />
|- <br />
| RequiredP || outlet streams will be at the user specified pressure.<br />
|- <br />
| IgnoreLowQm || Tick Box || This option is only visible if the '''AutoDetect''', '''LowestFeed''' or '''HighestFeed''' methods are chosen. When calculating the outlet pressure and temperature of the tank, SysCAD will ignore the low flow feed streams should this option be selected. The low flow limit is set in the field below.<br />
|-<br />
| LowQmFrac || Input || This field is only visible if the '''IgnoreLowQm''' option is selected. This is the amount any stream contributes to the total flow. For example, if the total feed to the tank is 10 kg/s, and this field is set to 1%. Then any feed streams with less than 0.1 kg/s will be ignored in the pressure calculations.<br />
|-<br />
| PressureReqd / P_Reqd || Input || This field is only visible if the '''RequiredP''' method is chosen. This is user specified pressure.<br />
|-<br />
| Result ||font style="background: #ebebeb"| Display || The actual pressure used for the sum of the feeds which will also be the outlet pressure (unless further model options change the pressure).<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" |<br />
<br />
=== Results ===<br />
|-<br />
|CakeMoist|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The calculated fraction of liquids in the final dryer cake.<br />
|-<br />
|WaterEvaporated|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The amount of water evaporated.<br />
|-<br />
|EnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature, after reactions (including any heat exchange) have occurred.<br />
|-<br />
|RctHXReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||Only visible if Reactions are enabled in the unit. The energy required to added or removed to the reaction block via one of the [[Reaction Block - Other#Reaction Heat Exchange|heat exchange]] options.<br />
|-<br />
|TotalEnergyReqd|| font style="background: #ebebeb" |Calc||The total energy required to evaporate the water and heat both product streams to the final dryer temperature. This will include any heat exchange required as part of the reaction block. It is the sum of the two previous fields.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adding this Model to a Project ==<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Configuration file '''<br />
<br />
Sort either by DLL or Group.<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
'''DLL:''' <br />
| |<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">Separ1.dll</div> <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation: Dryer<br />
|-<br />
| |<br />
OR <br />
| |<br />
'''Group:''' <br />
| | <br />
Mass Separation <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| | <br />
Units/Links <br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation : Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Project Configuration (cfg File)#Model Selection|Project Configuration]] for more information on adding models to the configuration file.<br />
<br />
''' Insert into Project '''<br />
<br />
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| |<br />
&nbsp;<br />
| |<br />
Insert Unit<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Separation<br />
| |<br />
<nowiki>&rarr;</nowiki><br />
| |<br />
Dryer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
See [[Insert Graphics Commands#Insert Unit|Insert Unit]] for general information on inserting units.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=SDB_-_Liquids&diff=42501SDB - Liquids2018-05-18T08:34:39Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Density Corrections */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] - [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - FS SDB| FS SDB Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - H2O| H2O Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo1| Thermo1 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo2| Thermo2 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Vapours| Vapours Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 font style="background: #ebebeb"| [[SDB - Liquids| Liquids Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Solids| Solids Tab]]<br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Definition| Definition Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Properties| Properties Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Other| Other Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Elements| Elements Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Components| Components Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[Common_Data_Sections#Common_Data_on_Info_Tab_Page|Info Tab]] <br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2 please see [[Species Properties ($SDB) 9.2]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
This tab page displays the following properties of the '''Liquid''' species in the project: <br />
* Density;<br />
* Apparent Density (if a Density Correction function is defined for the species);<br />
* Maximum Mass Fraction (this is for the Density Correction function);<br />
* Boiling Point Elevation (BPE);<br />
* Solubility;<br />
* pH estimate (negLogH);<br />
* Viscosity; and<br />
* Thermal Conductivity.<br />
----<br />
[[Image:Species Properties Liquids 1.png]]<br />
<br />
= Display Variables at Different Temperatures, Pressures and Mass Fractions =<br />
<br />
The Species Property Data shown in the image above is given for a temperature of 25&deg;C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. The user may view the displayed values at different conditions:<br />
* The Temperature ('''T''') can be changed to view the species properties at different temperatures.<br />
* The Pressure ('''P''') can be changed to view the species properties at different pressures. <br />
* The '''SoluteMassFraction''' is used to change the mass fraction of species when calculating density correction, BPE, solubility and pH.<br />
<br />
= Using the Buttons =<br />
<br />
The user may change the view of this tab by clicking on the buttons, or copy the data to a different application:<br />
<br />
* [[Image:SpeciesShortButton.png]] and [[Image:SpeciesLongButton.png]]: The '''SpeciesTag''' buttons toggles between the short and long species names.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesConfbutton.png]]: Pressing the [[#Copy_Species_Data_to_clipboard|CopytoClipboard]] button will add selected Properties Data onto the clipboard.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesPropertiesbutton.png]]: The [[Species Properties Reports|Reports]] button allows the user to copy selected data onto the clipboard.<br />
*[[Image:Button - Filter On.png]] and [[Image:Button - Filter Off.png]]: These buttons allow the user to filter the species to display only species that meet certain criteria:<br />
** See '''[[Species Flow Section#Filter On/Off Button|Filter On/Off Button]]''' for details on how the species filter is used.<br />
** '''LoT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value above this value will be displayed.<br />
** '''HiT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value below this value will be displayed.<br />
** This functionality is only available in Build 137 and later.<br />
<br />
= Density Values =<br />
<br />
The density values are displayed as shown above. If a liquid species has a Density Correction function, then an asterix, '*', will be displayed in the Density column.<br />
<br />
If a [[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density Correction Function]] has been defined in the Species Database, then adjacent to the Density column there may be an additional column, 'AppDens'. This displays the the following information:<br />
<br />
# The solvent species will have the word 'Solvent' in this column. This is normally Water, H2O(l).<br />
# Liquid species with a defined [[Species Table 9.3 - Density#Liquid_Density_Correction_Functions|Liquid Density Correction Function]] will have a value displayed in this column. The value will be the density of a solution with the specified solute mass fraction, at the specified Temperature and Pressure. Please note that the solution is assumed to contain the solvent and the solute only - no other species.<br />
# Liquid species with no defined density correction function will have an asterix, '*', in this column.<br />
<br />
(Please see [[Density Correction Calculations]] for further information on this topic)<br />
<br />
= Solubility =<br />
<br />
If the user has entered solubility data in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Common Physical Data#Solubility|Species Table]]), then the saturated values at the defined temperature, either as mass of solute/mass of solvent or mass of solute/100 mass units of solvent, will be displayed in the Solubility column.<br />
<br />
= pH Estimate =<br />
<br />
If the user has entered acid/base dissociation constants (Ka/Kb) in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#(Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b)|Species Table]]), then the pH estimate (-log<sub>10</sub>[H<sup>+</sup>]) at the user defined solute mass fraction will be displayed in the negLogH column.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=SDB_-_Liquids&diff=42500SDB - Liquids2018-05-18T08:24:38Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] - [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - FS SDB| FS SDB Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - H2O| H2O Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo1| Thermo1 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo2| Thermo2 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Vapours| Vapours Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 font style="background: #ebebeb"| [[SDB - Liquids| Liquids Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Solids| Solids Tab]]<br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Definition| Definition Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Properties| Properties Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Other| Other Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Elements| Elements Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Components| Components Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[Common_Data_Sections#Common_Data_on_Info_Tab_Page|Info Tab]] <br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2 please see [[Species Properties ($SDB) 9.2]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
This tab page displays the following properties of the '''Liquid''' species in the project: <br />
* Density;<br />
* Apparent Density (if a Density Correction function is defined for the species);<br />
* Maximum Mass Fraction (this is for the Density Correction function);<br />
* Boiling Point Elevation (BPE);<br />
* Solubility;<br />
* pH estimate (negLogH);<br />
* Viscosity; and<br />
* Thermal Conductivity.<br />
----<br />
[[Image:Species Properties Liquids 1.png]]<br />
<br />
= Display Variables at Different Temperatures, Pressures and Mass Fractions =<br />
<br />
The Species Property Data shown in the image above is given for a temperature of 25&deg;C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. The user may view the displayed values at different conditions:<br />
* The Temperature ('''T''') can be changed to view the species properties at different temperatures.<br />
* The Pressure ('''P''') can be changed to view the species properties at different pressures. <br />
* The '''SoluteMassFraction''' is used to change the mass fraction of species when calculating density correction, BPE, solubility and pH.<br />
<br />
= Using the Buttons =<br />
<br />
The user may change the view of this tab by clicking on the buttons, or copy the data to a different application:<br />
<br />
* [[Image:SpeciesShortButton.png]] and [[Image:SpeciesLongButton.png]]: The '''SpeciesTag''' buttons toggles between the short and long species names.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesConfbutton.png]]: Pressing the [[#Copy_Species_Data_to_clipboard|CopytoClipboard]] button will add selected Properties Data onto the clipboard.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesPropertiesbutton.png]]: The [[Species Properties Reports|Reports]] button allows the user to copy selected data onto the clipboard.<br />
*[[Image:Button - Filter On.png]] and [[Image:Button - Filter Off.png]]: These buttons allow the user to filter the species to display only species that meet certain criteria:<br />
** See '''[[Species Flow Section#Filter On/Off Button|Filter On/Off Button]]''' for details on how the species filter is used.<br />
** '''LoT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value above this value will be displayed.<br />
** '''HiT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value below this value will be displayed.<br />
** This functionality is only available in Build 137 and later.<br />
<br />
= Density Corrections =<br />
<br />
The density values are displayed as shown above. Adjacent to the Density column there may be an additional column, CorrDens.<br />
<br />
The CorrDens column shows:<br />
<br />
# If [[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density Correction Function]] have been defined, then it will show which species is a solvent, and the number of species defined as solutes in that solvent.<br />
# For liquid species with a [[Species Table 9.3 - Density#Liquid_Density_Correction_Functions|Liquid Density Correction Function]] defined, the values displayed is the density of a solution with the user defined solute mass fraction (this solution contains the solvent and the solute only - no other species)<br />
<br />
(Please see [[Density Correction Calculations]] for further information on this topic)<br />
<br />
= Solubility =<br />
<br />
If the user has entered solubility data in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Common Physical Data#Solubility|Species Table]]), then the saturated values at the defined temperature, either as mass of solute/mass of solvent or mass of solute/100 mass units of solvent, will be displayed in the Solubility column.<br />
<br />
= pH Estimate =<br />
<br />
If the user has entered acid/base dissociation constants (Ka/Kb) in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#(Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b)|Species Table]]), then the pH estimate (-log<sub>10</sub>[H<sup>+</sup>]) at the user defined solute mass fraction will be displayed in the negLogH column.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=SDB_-_Liquids&diff=42499SDB - Liquids2018-05-18T08:15:40Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] - [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - FS SDB| FS SDB Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - H2O| H2O Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo1| Thermo1 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo2| Thermo2 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Vapours| Vapours Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 font style="background: #ebebeb"| [[SDB - Liquids| Liquids Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Solids| Solids Tab]]<br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Definition| Definition Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Properties| Properties Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Other| Other Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Elements| Elements Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Components| Components Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[Common_Data_Sections#Common_Data_on_Info_Tab_Page|Info Tab]] <br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2 please see [[Species Properties ($SDB) 9.2]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
This tab page displays the following properties of the '''Liquid''' species in the project: <br />
* Density;<br />
* Apparent Density (if a Density Correction function is defined for the species);<br />
* Maximum Mass Fraction (this is for the Density Correction function);<br />
* Boiling Point Elevation (BPE);<br />
* Solubility;<br />
* pH estimate (negLogH);<br />
* Viscosity; and<br />
* Thermal Conductivity.<br />
----<br />
[[Image:Species Properties Liquids 1.png]]<br />
<br />
* The Species Property Data shown here is given for a temperature of 25&deg;C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa.<br />
* The temperature ('''T''') and pressure ('''P''') can be changed to obtain species properties at different conditions. <br />
* The '''SoluteMF''' is used to change the mass fraction of species when calculating density correction, BPE, solubility and pH<br />
* [[Image:SpeciesShortButton.png]] and [[Image:SpeciesLongButton.png]]: The '''SpeciesTag''' buttons toggles between the short and long species names.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesConfbutton.png]]: Pressing the [[#Copy_Species_Data_to_clipboard|CopytoClipboard]] button will add selected Properties Data onto the clipboard.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesPropertiesbutton.png]]: The [[Species Properties Reports|Reports]] button allows the user to copy selected data onto the clipboard.<br />
*[[Image:Button - Filter On.png]] and [[Image:Button - Filter Off.png]]: These buttons allow the user to filter the species to display only species that meet certain criteria:<br />
** See '''[[Species Flow Section#Filter On/Off Button|Filter On/Off Button]]''' for details on how the species filter is used.<br />
** '''LoT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value above this value will be displayed.<br />
** '''HiT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value below this value will be displayed.<br />
** This functionality is only available in Build 137 and later.<br />
<br />
== Density Corrections ==<br />
<br />
The density values are displayed as shown above. Adjacent to the Density column there may be an additional column, CorrDens.<br />
<br />
The CorrDens column shows:<br />
<br />
# If [[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density Correction Function]] have been defined, then it will show which species is a solvent, and the number of species defined as solutes in that solvent.<br />
# For liquid species with a [[Species Table 9.3 - Density#Liquid_Density_Correction_Functions|Liquid Density Correction Function]] defined, the values displayed is the density of a solution with the user defined solute mass fraction (this solution contains the solvent and the solute only - no other species)<br />
<br />
(Please see [[Density Correction Calculations]] for further information on this topic)<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
<br />
If the user has entered solubility data in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Common Physical Data#Solubility|Species Table]]), then the saturated values at the defined temperature, either as mass of solute/mass of solvent or mass of solute/100 mass units of solvent, will be displayed in the Solubility column.<br />
<br />
== pH Estimate ==<br />
<br />
If the user has entered acid/base dissociation constants (Ka/Kb) in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#(Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b)|Species Table]]), then the pH estimate (-log<sub>10</sub>[H<sup>+</sup>]) at the user defined solute mass fraction will be displayed in the negLogH column.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=File:Species_Properties_Liquids_1.png&diff=42498File:Species Properties Liquids 1.png2018-05-18T08:13:20Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=SDB_-_Liquids&diff=42497SDB - Liquids2018-05-18T08:12:49Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] - [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - FS SDB| FS SDB Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - H2O| H2O Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo1| Thermo1 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Thermo2| Thermo2 Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Vapours| Vapours Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 font style="background: #ebebeb"| [[SDB - Liquids| Liquids Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Solids| Solids Tab]]<br />
|-<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Definition| Definition Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Properties| Properties Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Other| Other Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Elements| Elements Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[SDB - Components| Components Tab]]<br />
!Width=150 | [[Common_Data_Sections#Common_Data_on_Info_Tab_Page|Info Tab]] <br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2 please see [[Species Properties ($SDB) 9.2]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
This tab page displays the following properties of the '''Liquid''' species in the project: <br />
* Density <br />
* Corrected Solution Density (if Density Correction function is defined)<br />
* Boiling Point Elevation (BPE)<br />
* Solubility<br />
* pH estimate (negLogH)<br />
* Viscosity<br />
* Thermal Conductivity<br />
----<br />
[[Image:Species Properties Liquids 1.png]]<br />
<br />
* The Species Property Data shown here is given for a temperature of 25&deg;C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa.<br />
* The temperature ('''T''') and pressure ('''P''') can be changed to obtain species properties at different conditions. <br />
* The '''SoluteMF''' is used to change the mass fraction of species when calculating density correction, BPE, solubility and pH<br />
* [[Image:SpeciesShortButton.png]] and [[Image:SpeciesLongButton.png]]: The '''SpeciesTag''' buttons toggles between the short and long species names.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesConfbutton.png]]: Pressing the [[#Copy_Species_Data_to_clipboard|CopytoClipboard]] button will add selected Properties Data onto the clipboard.<br />
* [[image:SpeciesPropertiesbutton.png]]: The [[Species Properties Reports|Reports]] button allows the user to copy selected data onto the clipboard.<br />
*[[Image:Button - Filter On.png]] and [[Image:Button - Filter Off.png]]: These buttons allow the user to filter the species to display only species that meet certain criteria:<br />
** See '''[[Species Flow Section#Filter On/Off Button|Filter On/Off Button]]''' for details on how the species filter is used.<br />
** '''LoT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value above this value will be displayed.<br />
** '''HiT''': If the user enters a temperature in this field, then only species with a Cp value below this value will be displayed.<br />
** This functionality is only available in Build 137 and later.<br />
<br />
== Density Corrections ==<br />
<br />
The density values are displayed as shown above. Adjacent to the Density column there may be an additional column, CorrDens.<br />
<br />
The CorrDens column shows:<br />
<br />
# If [[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density Correction Function]] have been defined, then it will show which species is a solvent, and the number of species defined as solutes in that solvent.<br />
# For liquid species with a [[Species Table 9.3 - Density#Liquid_Density_Correction_Functions|Liquid Density Correction Function]] defined, the values displayed is the density of a solution with the user defined solute mass fraction (this solution contains the solvent and the solute only - no other species)<br />
<br />
(Please see [[Density Correction Calculations]] for further information on this topic)<br />
<br />
== Solubility ==<br />
<br />
If the user has entered solubility data in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Common Physical Data#Solubility|Species Table]]), then the saturated values at the defined temperature, either as mass of solute/mass of solvent or mass of solute/100 mass units of solvent, will be displayed in the Solubility column.<br />
<br />
== pH Estimate ==<br />
<br />
If the user has entered acid/base dissociation constants (Ka/Kb) in the species database (see [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#(Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b)|Species Table]]), then the pH estimate (-log<sub>10</sub>[H<sup>+</sup>]) at the user defined solute mass fraction will be displayed in the negLogH column.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Potash_Species_Model&diff=42496Potash Species Model2018-05-18T08:09:08Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Liquid Density Calculations */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Potash Solubility]], [[Potash Evaporator]], [[Potash Properties Utility]]<br />
----<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Potash species model may be used to calculate certain properties of aqueous liquids within a Potash project. Density, Heat Capacity (and hence Enthalpy) and Viscosity may be calculated using the equations defined by in papers by Laliberte et al<sup>1,2,3</sup>. The Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) may be calculated using the Fabuss Korosi equation.<br />
<br />
The Laliberte and Fabuss Korosi equations used in the species model are given in the Model Theory section below.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The Laliberte and/or Fabuss Korosi equations may be selected in the Plant Model, as described below.<br />
# If the Laliberte species model is selected, only AQUEOUS species are considered when calculating liquid properties. If any of the following species are present they will be used in the calculations:<br />
#* KCl(aq), NaCl(aq), MgCl2(aq), CaCl2(aq), LiCl(aq), CaSO4(aq), NaBr(aq) and KBr(aq).<br />
#* All other aqueous species are IGNORED.<br />
# All of the properties that are not explicitly calculated by this model are calculated using the [[Standard Species Model]].<br />
# The [[Example Projects#Potash Projects|Four Stage Crystallisation Example]] and [[Example Projects#Potash Projects|Three Stage Evaporator Example]], which are distributed with SysCAD in the Examples Folder, demonstrate the use of the Potash species model in SysCAD projects.<br />
<br />
== Model Theory ==<br />
<br />
=== Liquid Density Calculations ===<br />
<br />
The '''Laliberte''' solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The constants for most of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100<sup>0</sup>C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# If the species Mass Fraction in a unit exceeds the maximum mass fraction, then SysCAD will continue to use the Laliberte equation, but will log a warning that the values are questionable.<br />
# The constants for CaSO4(aq) are only valid for a single temperature, 25<sup>0</sup>C, and hence these values are suspect.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
# Solid density is calculated using the Standard species model method - [[Standard Species Model#Density Calculations|Density Calculations using the Standard Species Model]]<br />
<br />
=== Enthalpy Calculations ===<br />
<br />
With the Lalilberte model the user has a choice of Enthalpy models:<br />
* The '''Laliberte''' model will calculate the Enthalpy as a full integral of Cp with respect to Temperature, i.e. <math>\Delta H = \int\limits_{T_1}^{T_2}Cp dT\,</math><br />
* The '''Laliberte Low''' model with calculate Enthalpy as <math>\Delta H = Cp * (T_2 - T_1)</math>.<br />
*: This will be less accurate, but faster computationally.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' Both methods will calculate Cp using the equations show below.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Heat Capacity Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Liquid Heat Capacity ====<br />
<br />
With the '''Lalilberte''' model the liquid specific heat is calculated using the water specific heat, Cp<sub>w</sub> and the solutes heat capacity using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{Cp_m = m_wCp_w + \sum{m_iCp_i}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The heat capacity of each solute in solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{Cp_i= a_1e^{\alpha}+a_5(1-m_w)^{a_6}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{\alpha= a_2*T +a_3e^{0.01T}+a_4(1-m_w)}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|Cp<sub>w</sub> || = || Heat capacity of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kJ/kg.K<br />
|-<br />
|Cp<sub>i</sub> || = || Heat capacity of solute i, kJ/kg.K<br />
|-<br />
|Cp<sub>m</sub> || = || solution Heat capacity, kJ/kg.K<br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|a<sub>1</sub> to a<sub>6</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The constants for most of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between approximately 5 and 120<sup>0</sup>C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# The constants for CaSO4(aq) are only valid for a single temperature, 25<sup>0</sup>C, and hence these values are suspect.<br />
# Water heat capacity is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
==== Solids and Vapours Heat Capacity ====<br />
<br />
Solids Cp (Cp<sub>s</sub>) and Vapours Cp (Cp<sub>v</sub>) are calculated from Cp values as given in the species database, please see [[Standard Species Model#Stream Specific Heat values (Cp)|Specific Heat values (Cp) Calculations using the Standard Species Model]].<br />
<br />
==== Stream Heat Capacity ====<br />
<br />
:::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{Cp=\frac{SolidsMass*Cp_s+LiquidsMass*Cp_L+VapoursMass*Cp_V}{SolidsMass+LiquidsMass+VapoursMass}}}</math><br />
<br />
=== Viscosity ===<br />
<br />
With the '''Laliberte''' method, the liquid viscosity is calculated using the water viscosity, v<sub>w</sub> and the solutes viscosity using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{\ln{n_m} = m_w * \ln{n_w} + \sum{m_i * \ln{n_i}}}}</math><br />
<br />
The viscosity for each solute is defined by:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{\ln{n_i} = \frac{v_1(1-m_w)^{v_2}+v_3}{(v_4*T+1)(v_5(1-m_w)^{v_6}+1)}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|n<sub>m</sub> || = || Solution Viscosity, mPa.s<br />
|-<br />
|n<sub>w</sub> || = || Viscosity of water, mPa.s<br />
|-<br />
|n<sub>i</sub> || = || Viscosity of solute i, mPa.s<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute i<br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|v<sub>1</sub> to v<sub>6</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The constants for most of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between approximately 5 and 120<sup>0</sup>C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# CaSO4(aq) does not have any data for viscosity.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) ===<br />
<br />
Using the '''Fabuss Korosi''' method, the Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) of a brine is calculated by first determining the vapour pressure lowering of a solution containing KCl and NaCl relative to pure water. The activity coefficient is determined by a semi-empirical correlation.<sup>4,5</sup><br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{k = \frac{p^0 - p}{mp^0}}}</math><br />
<br />
and<br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{k = a + bu^{0.5}}}</math><br />
<br />
where: k - Relative molar vapour pressure depression for a species;<br />
<br />
m - molality of the solution;<br />
<br />
p - vapour pressure of the solution;<br />
<br />
p<sup>0</sup> - vapour pressure of water at the given conditions;<br />
<br />
u - Species ionic strength;<br />
<br />
a and b - Temperature dependant constants, calculated as follows:<br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{a = a_1 + a_2t + a_3t^2}}</math><br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{b = b_1 + b_2t + b_3t^2}}</math><br />
<br />
t - Temperature<br />
<br />
The constants in the above equations, a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, b<sub>1</sub>, b<sub>2</sub> and b<sub>3</sub> are empirical values determined by experimentation.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
# Laliberte´ M. ''Model for Calculating the Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52.<br />
# Laliberte´ M. ''A Model for Calculating the Heat Capacity of Aqueous Solutions, with Updated Density and Viscosity Data'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2009, 54.<br />
# Fabuss, B. M., Korosi, A. (1966). Vapour Pressures of Binary Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at Concentrations and Temperatures of Interest in Desalination Processes. Desalination, 1, 139-148. <br />
# Fabuss, B. M., Korosi, A. (1966). Vapour Pressures of Ternary Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at Concentrations and Temperatures of Interest in Desalination Processes. Desalination, 1, 149-155.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Required Chemical Compounds==<br />
<br />
The following species are used by the Potash set of models and are required in the species database and configuration file. Some of the species are optional, but if they are present in the database, their effects will be included in the correlation calculations.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| Phase || Species Formula || Species Name || Required / Optional<br />
|-<br />
| '''VAPOUR''' || H2O(g) || Water Vapour || Required <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''AQUEOUS SPECIES''' || H2O(l) || Water || Required <br />
|-<br />
| KCl(aq) || Aqueous Potassium Chloride || Required <br />
|-<br />
| NaCl(aq)|| Aqueous Sodium Chloride || Required <br />
|-<br />
| MgCl2(aq) || Aqueous Magnesium Chloride || Optional <br />
|-<br />
| CaCl2(aq) || Aqueous Calcium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| LiCl(aq) || Aqueous Lithium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4(aq)|| Aqueous Calcium Sulphate || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| KBr(aq) || Aqueous Potassium Bromide || Optional <br />
|-<br />
| NaBr(aq) || Aqueous Sodium Bromide || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | '''SOLIDS''' || KCl(s)|| Solid Potassium Chloride || Required<br />
|-<br />
| NaCl(s)|| Solid Sodium Chloride || Required<br />
|-<br />
| MgCl2(s) || Solid Magnesium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaCl2(s) || Solid Calcium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4.2H2O(s)|| Gypsum || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4(s)|| Anhydrous Gypsum || Optional<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Selecting different methods for Property Calculations ===<br />
<br />
If the Potash species model is selected, the user can choose to use Laliberte' or the Standard method to calculate Liquid Density, Specific Heat (Cp) or Viscosity.<br />
<br />
The user may also choose either the Fabuss Korosi or the standard method to calculate the Boiling Point Elevation.<br />
<br />
These selections are applied globally, so you cannot use different methods in different areas in the same project. The method is selected globally from the '''View - PlantModel''' access window ''Globals'' Tab as illustrated below. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Potash Globals 1.png]]<br />
<br />
==Potash Liquor Calculator==<br />
<br />
When defining a Potash Liquor stream, it is possible to have SysCAD calculate the feed composition based on user defined potash species concentrations.<br />
<br />
This is done in the Feeder unit - but only in a 'True' feeder, i.e. not connected to a sink on a different flowhseet:<br />
* First turn on the Calculator, by ticking the 'Calculator' checkbox located on the FeederSink Tab,<br />
* Then go to the newly created tab called "Calc", and define the required composition.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the images below:<br />
:<br />
:[[File:PotashCalculator.png]]<br />
:For more information on the feed calculator variables, please see [[#Feeder Configuration Data|Potash Calculator Configuration Data]].<br />
<br />
The calculated feed composition will be set into the DSp tab. The variables set by the calculator are indicated by the yellow background. <br />
:[[File:PotashCalculatorValSet.png]] <br />
<br />
'''NOTES: '''<br />
# If the calculator is enabled, the user may '''NOT''' manually change the feed composition on the DSp tab. All changes must be made on the Calc tab.<br />
# The user may enable the calculator once to get an idea of the values, and then turn the calculator off to manually change the DSp tab values, if required.<br />
# If the feeder is connected to a sink on another flowsheet, the calculated values are ignored.<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
# The specific Potash data will be displayed on the 'Props' tab for the Qi and Qo pages of the Pipe access window, and under the Content page for units.<br />
# If the user has selected the Laliberte' methods for calculating Density, Heat Capacity and Viscosity, then these will be used and displayed throughout the project.<br />
# Only the data that is calculated using the Potash equations is shown below. The other data is discussed in the SysCAD Model help - Pipe Section. <br />
<br />
=== Feeder Configuration Data ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| Tag / Symbol || Input / Calc || Description<br />
|- <br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" align="left" | '' Potash Liquor Calculator''<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top"| DefineLiquor ||valign="top"| Check Box || If this box is checked, the Feeder will calculate the fractional make-up of the feed stream, based on the variables supplied below.<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top" rowspan="3" | Define Method || Mass Basis || The user may enter the required aqueous species as g/100 water. <br />
|-<br />
| Concentration || The user may enter the required aqueous species as g/L of solution.<br />
|-<br />
| Saturation || NOT YET IMPLEMENTED! The user may enter the required aqueous species as % saturated.<br />
|-<br />
| KCl_Reqd || Input || The required KCl value<br />
|-<br />
| NaCl_Reqd || Input || The required NaCl value<br />
|-<br />
| MgCl2_Reqd || Input || The required MgCl2 value (if MgCl2 is in the project)<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4_Reqd || Input || The required CaSO4 value (if CaSO4 is in the project)<br />
|-<br />
| CaCl2_Reqd || Input || The required CaCl2 value (if CaCl2 is in the project) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Potash Data ===<br />
<br />
This data will be displayed on the 'Props' tab of pipes and Contents.<br />
'''Note:''' The term 'Salts' refers to all Chloride salts, i.e. KCl, NaCl, LiCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
|Tag <nowiki> | </nowiki> Symbol || Input or Calc || Description'''<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash (Liquid Phase) Values''<br />
|-<br />
| AqSaltsQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc || The mass flow of aqueous salts in the stream.<br />
|-<br />
| AqSaltsFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of aqueous salts in the liquid.<br />
|-<br />
| AqK2OEquivQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass flow of aqueous KCl expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
| AqK2OEquivFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of aqueous KCl in the liquid, expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
| AqMgCl2EquivQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass flow of aqueous MgCl2, CaCl2 and CaSO4, expressed as MgCl2 equivalent.<br />
|-<br />
| AqMgCl2EquivFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of aqueous MgCl2, CaCl2 and CaSO4 in liquid, expressed as MgCl2 equivalent.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash (Solid Phase) Values''<br />
|-<br />
| SolSaltsQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc || The mass flow of solid, or crystal, salts in the stream.<br />
|-<br />
| SolSaltsFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of solid, or crystal, salts in the solid.<br />
|-<br />
| SolK2OEquivQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass flow of solid, or crystal, KCl expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
| SolK2OEquivFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of solid, or crystal, KCl in the solid, expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash Properties'' These values are calculated using the methods chosen by the user in the 'Plant Model'.<br />
|-<br />
| LRho || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The liquor density.<br />
|-<br />
| SatRho || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The density of a solution saturated in BOTH KCl and NaCl at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
| LmsCp@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Heat Capacity of the solution at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
| LmsHs@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The sensible enthalpy of the solution at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
| LViscosity || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Viscosity of the solution at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash Specific Properties (Laliberte-Cooper)'' These values are calculated using the Laliberte method. They are only used in the project if the user has chosen method = Laliberte in the Plant Model. (In which case these values will be the same as the ones in the above section). These values are only displayed if the user ticks the 'Potash.showExtra' box in [[#Selecting different methods for Property Calculations|Potash Solution Property Options in the Plant Model]].<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LRho || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The liquor density at temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LmsCp@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Heat Capacity of the solution at the stream temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LmsHs@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The sensible enthalpy of the solution at the stream temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LmsHs@T_Low || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The sensible enthalpy of the solution at the stream temperature calculated using the low fidelity Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LViscosity || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Viscosity of the solution at the stream temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| OutOfRange.Density || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || This will display any species in the stream that are outside of the range of the Laliberte constants for density. If all species are in range this field will be blank.<br />
|-<br />
| OutOfRange.Cp|| font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || This will display any species in the stream that are outside of the range of the Laliberte constants for Cp. If all species are in range this field will be blank.<br />
|-<br />
| OutOfRange.Viscosity|| font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || This will display any species in the stream that are outside of the range of the Laliberte constants for viscosity. If all species are in range this field will be blank.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash Specific Properties (Fabuss-Korosi)'' The Boiling Point Elevation is calculated using the Fabuss Korosi method. This is only used in the project if the user has chosen method = Fabuss Korosi in the Plant Model. (In which case this value will be the same as the one in the above section). This value is only displayed if the user ticks the 'Potash.showExtra' box in [[#Selecting different methods for Property Calculations|Potash Solution Property Options in the Plant Model]].<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.BPE || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The liquor Boiling Point Elevation at temperature using the Fabuss Korosi method.<br />
|}</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42495Species Table - Density2018-05-18T08:08:05Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Laliberte´ Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Emulate Water Density|Water Density Function]] || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Liquid Density Correction Functions|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Table of Data|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension]] || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Laliberte´ Function|Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values]] || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Ideal Gas Density]] || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Linear Gas Density]] || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
The user may enter a mix of density correction functions for aqueous species that will occur in a solution. SysCAD will calculate apparent densities for each species and then use these to calculate the overall solution density. However, if the user has data of the same form for all species, for example Laliberte values for all aqueous species, then this is preferable to use a mix of functions. <br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# If the species Mass Fraction in a unit exceeds the maximum mass fraction, then SysCAD will continue to use the Laliberte equation, but will log a warning that the values are questionable.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42494Species Table - Density2018-05-18T08:06:00Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Liquid Density Correction Functions */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Emulate Water Density|Water Density Function]] || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Liquid Density Correction Functions|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Table of Data|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension]] || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Laliberte´ Function|Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values]] || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Ideal Gas Density]] || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Linear Gas Density]] || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
The user may enter a mix of density correction functions for aqueous species that will occur in a solution. SysCAD will calculate apparent densities for each species and then use these to calculate the overall solution density. However, if the user has data of the same form for all species, for example Laliberte values for all aqueous species, then this is preferable to use a mix of functions. <br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42493Species Table - Density2018-05-18T07:51:10Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Summary of Density Options */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Emulate Water Density|Water Density Function]] || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Liquid Density Correction Functions|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Table of Data|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension]] || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Laliberte´ Function|Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values]] || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Ideal Gas Density]] || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Linear Gas Density]] || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42492Species Table - Density2018-05-18T07:50:47Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Summary of Density Options */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Entering Spline Data|Spline under Tension]] || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Emulate Water Density|Water Density Function]] || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Liquid Density Correction Functions|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Table of Data|Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension]] || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| [[Laliberte´ Function|Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values]] || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Ideal Gas Density]] || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Gas Density|Linear Gas Density]] || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42491Species Table - Density2018-05-18T07:13:02Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Summary of Density Options */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Temperature|Density as a Function of T: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| [[#Density as a Function of Mass Fraction|Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial]] || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| [[#Emulate Water Density|Water Density Function]] || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| Ideal Gas Density || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| Linear Gas Density || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42490Species Table - Density2018-05-18T07:05:32Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Summary of Density Options */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || [[#Constant Density|Constant Value]] || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| Water Density Function || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| Ideal Gas Density || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| Linear Gas Density || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42489Species Table - Density2018-05-18T07:02:22Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| Water Density Function || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| Ideal Gas Density || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| Linear Gas Density || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42488Species Table - Density2018-05-18T07:00:42Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Summary of Density Options */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000kg/m^3).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| Water Density Function || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000kg/m^3).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| Ideal Gas Density || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| Linear Gas Density || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42487Species Table - Density2018-05-18T07:00:16Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
== Summary of Density Options ==<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000kg/m^3).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| Water Density Function || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 1000kg/m^3).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''Gas''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for gas species. <br />
|-<br />
| Ideal Gas Density || SysCAD will use the Ideal Gas equations to calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature. This method is common for gases, and will give good correlations if the project does not have gases at high pressure. <br />
|-<br />
| Linear Gas Density || SysCAD will calculate the density of the gas as a function of Temperature using a Linear equation. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will by default use the Ideal Gas equation to calculate density). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42486Species Table - Density2018-05-18T06:54:22Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Phase''' || '''Function Name''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Tspline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000kg/m^3).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''LIQUID''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is not very common for liquid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function for Density as a function of mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function.<br />
|-<br />
| Water Density Function || This will vary the density of the liquid species using the Water density function, i.e. it will always have a density = density of water. <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Polynomial || The user enters a Polynomial function that will correct the Density of the solution as a function of the mass fraction of the liquid species in the solution. (this is often used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Correction as a Function of MF: Spline under Tension || The user enters 2 columns of data, Mass Fraction and Density Correction values. SysCAD will then use these values to calculate the required density correction values for the liquid species in the solution. (mainly used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Density Value as a Function of MF & T: Laliberte Values || The user enters the Laliberte constants for the liquid species. These will be used to calculate the solution density (this is only used for aqueous species). <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000kg/m^3). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42485Species Table - Density2018-05-18T06:42:28Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The table below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| Phase || Function Name || Description<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | '''SOLIDS''' || Constant Value || A constant density value that does not change with temperature. This is common for solid species. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of T: Polynomial || Density varies as a function of Temperature. <br />
|-<br />
| Density as a Function of MF: Polynomial || Density varies as a function of mass fraction of the solid in the solid phase. <br />
|-<br />
| Spline under Tension || The user enters data points and these will be used in a Spline function. <br />
|-<br />
| Undefined || The user does not enter a density value for the species (in this case, SysCAD will assume a default density of 2000kg/m^3). <br />
|}<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Density&diff=42484Species Table - Density2018-05-18T06:33:30Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Laliberte´ Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Density'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br> Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]] and [[Species Table 9.2 - Solution Data]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The Density field is '''optional''', but it should be filled in to ensure that the density calculations for any stream containing this compound are correct. <br />
<br />
This is the density of the species in the defined phase. The unit for density is kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# SysCAD works with mass flows and uses the density to convert mass flows to volume flows. Thus in order to get accurate volume flows, the user must specify accurate density values for their species.<br />
# The user may enter a constant value for species in all phases, but in the cases of aqueous and gas species it is preferable to use functions, as defined further on.<br />
# If this field is left blank SysCAD will assume the following:<br />
#* A constant value of 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for solids,<br />
#* A constant value of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for liquids, and<br />
#* Ideal gas density for gases. ('''Note:''' if a constant is entered, Linear Gas Density will be assumed)<br />
<br />
The density provided here will also be used in volume calculations. The equation used is ''Volume = mass / density''. <br />
<br />
Refer to [[Stream Properties using Standard Method#Stream Density|Stream Density]] for an example of how these individual densities are used to determine the density of a stream.<br />
<br />
The list of density functions that are available will change if the species is a Solid, a Liquid or a Gas. The image below shows the different functions that are available for the different phases:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Species Table Density Functions.png]]<br />
<br />
= Constant Density =<br />
<br />
The user may enter a constant value for the density for a solid, liquid or gas species, by selecting 'Constant Value'.<br />
<br />
In this case the density of the species will not change as a function of temperature or as the mass fraction of the species changes in a stream.<br />
<br />
The constant density option is normally used for Solid species and pure Liquid species.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Temperature =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has data for changing density as a function of temperature, then they may enter that using:<br />
* Density as a function of T : Polynomial; OR<br />
* Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of temperature, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of T : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_T(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1T + C2T^2 + C3T^3 + C4T^4 + C5T^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''T''' is Temperature in K.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 3rd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1, C2 and C3. C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with Density versus Temperature, then they may select the option:<br />
:Spline under Tension.<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
= Density as a Function of Mass Fraction =<br />
<br />
This option is only available for Solid or Liquid species.<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), where<br />
<br />
:<math>Density = C0 + C1*MF + C2*MF^2 + C3*MF^3 + C4*MF^4 + C5*MF^5\,</math><br />
<br />
NOTES:<br />
# '''MF''' is Mass Fraction in %.<br />
# The user does not need to have all the constants, any that are not required may be set to zero. So, for example if you have a 2nd order equation, you would only need to enter C0, C1 and C2. C3, C4 and C5 would be zero.<br />
<br />
= Liquid Density Correction Functions =<br />
<br />
The following methods are only available for liquid species, and are normally used for dissolved aqueous species, for example, NaCl(aq).<br />
<br />
The density of a solution containing aqueous or ionic species changes according to the mass fraction of dissolved species in solution. The Density Correction functions describe the solution density as a function of solute mass fraction.<br />
<br />
== Emulate Water Density ==<br />
<br />
If the user has defined a species that will normally exist in the aqueous form, but the user does not have a density correction function, then it is recommended that the density of the species be set to the water density using the special density function ''LiqH2ORho()'', by choosing the 'Water Density Function' option. This will ensure that the species has the same density as water and hence the species will not change the density of the solution. For further info on this equation see [[Water and Steam Properties#Water Density|Water Density]].<br />
<br />
== Polynomial Function ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a polynomial function that describes density correction factors as a function of mass fraction, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Polynomial<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Poly_MF(a, b, c, d, e, f)<br />
<br />
Once the data has been entered in the user data dialog box, the data will be summarised in the Species Database as:<br />
<br />
'''Poly(a, b, c, d, e, f), Limit(Limit Fraction, Pure Value, Generate Warnings)'''<br />
<br />
This consists of 2 parts:<br />
# The '''Polynomial''', which represents the density correction function:<br />
#:<br />
#:<math> DensCorrFn(MF)_i = a + b.MF + c.MF^2 + d.MF^3 + e.MF^4 + f.MF^5 \,</math><br />
#:: Where MF is the mass fraction of the species in solution.<br />
#: '''Notes:'''<br />
#:* SysCAD ignores the '''a''' value in the above polynomial, as it represents the pure solution density based on the data for the solvent - usually water. (The value for 'a' is expected because this is the normal form of the equation that users will obtain when carrying out curve fitting). Please see [[Density Correction Calculations#Implementation of the Density correction Function|Implementation of the Density correction Function]] for further information.<br />
#:* The user only needs to enter the required number of parameters. For example, if the polynomial is 2nd order you need only enter a,b and c. <br />
#:* As a minimum, the user must enter values for a and b, as this will then be first order with respect to MF.<br />
#:* If the user only enters a value for a, then the species will have the same density as the solvent, usually water.<br />
#:<br />
# The '''Limiting Values''', which are described below: <br />
#* '''Limit Fraction''' is the maximum mass fraction of the solute for which the equation is valid.<br />
#:If the mass fraction of the solute in the solvent is above the Limit Fraction value, then SysCAD calculates the density of the solution by linearly interpolating between the density at the Limit Fraction and the density of the pure solute (Pure Value).<br />
#* '''Pure Value''' is only used if MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The purpose of Pure Value is to give a linear extension of the curve, so that reasonable densities are calculated when MF is greater than Limit Fraction. The Pure Value used is typically the density of the pure solute in kg/m^3, but can be any suitable value for linear interpolation between the Limit Fraction and a MF of 100%.<br />
#* '''Generate Warnings''' is either On or Off. If it is On (recommended), SysCAD will warn the user if the mass fraction of the solute is above the specified Limit Fraction. <br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
For FeSO4(aq): Poly(0.998,0.951,0.62), Limit(0.2, 2200, On)<br />
<br />
'''Notes''': <br />
# If the user does not have a function relating the change in solvent density with solute concentration, then SysCAD will use the density in the species database in a pure mass weighted mean calculation. However, this does not usually produce the correct liquid density or volumetric flow rates.<br />
# Please see '''[[Density Correction Calculations]]''' for the implementation method for density correction, a description of the 2 methods of calculating the species Mass Fraction, MFi and Density Calculation Examples.<br />
# The user may view the corrected density of a solution consisting of ONLY the solvent and the solute on the [[SDB 9.3 - Liquids|Species Properties ($SDB) 9.3]] access window.<br />
<br />
== Table of Data ==<br />
<br />
If the user has a table with density correction factors versus mass fraction in solution, then they may select the option:<br />
:Density Correction as a function of MF : Spline under Tension<br />
<br />
And enter the data in 2 columns. SysCAD will interpolate the data using the TSpline method. The easiest way to enter the data is to copy the data from a spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering a table of data.<br />
<br />
== Laliberte´ Function ==<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' This method is only valid for aqueous species.<br />
<br />
If the user has appropriate constants for the Laliberte´ equation, then they can select the option:<br />
:Density Value as a function of MF & T: Laliberte values<br />
<br />
and enter the function in the following format: Laliberte_Rho(c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub>, c<sub>4</sub>)<br />
<br />
The solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in aqueous solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# If the user wishes to use the Laliberte´ method, then it is recommended that this method is used for ALL aqueous species in a project, as a mixture of Laliberte´ and other aqueous density methods may result in inaccurate solution density values.<br />
# It is important to note that the constants for many of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100&deg;C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br />
<br />
Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
<br />
= Gas Density =<br />
<br />
For gases the user may use one of the following three input formats (the formulation for Ideal Gas is also shown here):<br />
*Constant Value; or<br />
*Ideal Gas Density - The density value will be calculated based on the Ideal gas law. Equations used are:<br />
*: (1) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{m}{V}}}</math> and (2) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{PV = nRT}}</math> and (3) <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{m = nM}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Rearranging the above equations will give:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = \frac{PM}{RT}}}</math><br />
*:<br />
*:Where: <br />
*:m = mass of compound<br />
*:V = Volume of compound<br />
*:P = Partial Pressure of species<br />
*:R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 472 J/mol.K (Reference: National Institute of Standards and Technology) <br />
*:T = Temperature in Kelvin<br />
*:n = number of moles of compound<br />
*:M = molecular weight of compound<br />
*Linear Gas Density - the density value provided (in brackets) is expected to be at 0&deg;C and Std. Pressure. Density @ T, P will be corrected based on:<br />
*: <math> \mathbf {\mathrm{Density_{T,P} = Density_{0,StdP}*\frac{P}{StdP}*\frac{273(K)}{T(K)}}}</math>; or</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Editing_User_Species_Database&diff=42483Editing User Species Database2018-05-18T06:28:23Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Species Table Layout */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> Editing User Species Database'''<br />
<br />
Related Link: [[Species Table 9.3]], [[Species Configuration 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2 please see [[Editing User Species Database 9.2]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
All of the physical and thermodynamic data for any species used within a SysCAD project is stored in the User database. The user may edit this database at any stage to add, change or delete species.<br />
<br />
Species may be configured to use:<br />
* Data entered by the user, User Data;<br />
* Hardwired data stored within SysCAD; or<br />
* Ignore all data.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Opening the User Species Database Dialog Window ==<br />
<br />
You can edit the [[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]] in the following ways:<br />
# Start SysCAD, and before opening a project, click on the icon [[Image: Icon - Edit Configuration.png]], or go to ''Edit - Project Configuration''. The dialog box shown below will open:<br />
#:<imagemap><br />
Image:Edit Species dB via Configuration Rev 1.png<br />
rect 5 224 738 6 [[#Opening the User Species Database Dialog Window|Edit Configuration dialog window - displays all recently opened or used Configuration files.]]<br />
desc bottom-left<br />
</imagemap><br />
#: OR<br />
# Either before the project is open, or if the project is already open, click on the icon [[Image: Icon - Edit Species dB.png]], or go to ''Species - Edit User Database''. <br />
<br />
You may also edit the Default Species database.<br />
<br />
'''NOTES:'''<br />
* You must exit and reload your project (or exit and restart SysCAD) in order to use any changes or additions. See [[##Loading_the_modified_data_into_SysCAD|Loading the modified data into SysCAD]]<br />
* When a new chemical species is added to the species database, it may be added to the configuration file by:<br />
*:a) Ticking the box next to the species in the species list; or<br />
*:b) Adding in the Configuration File editor - see [[Species Configuration 9.3#Adding or Removing a Species|Adding a Species to the Configuration File]].<br />
<br />
=== Video Link ===<br />
<br />
This '''[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDJZfgNRB0Q YouTube video]''' shows you how to import a species from the default SysCAD database and how to add data for a new species.<br />
<br />
== Species Table Layout ==<br />
<br />
In the Species database editor Solids, Liquids and Gases will have different fields visible. So, for example:<br />
* Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) and Disassociation Constants (Ka/b) will only be visible for Liquid species;<br />
* Vapour Pressure (Vp) and Gas Constants will only be visible for Gas species.<br />
<br />
The Species Database editor has the layout of a data entry form:<br />
* The user may edit any field for a species, no matter if it has a white or grey background:<br />
*: A white background indicates that User data is used for the field;<br />
*: A grey background indicates that Hardwired data is used for the field. <br />
* The 'Edit' button, [[Image:EditButton.png]] at the right of the field has the following functionality: <br />
*: If the user clicks on the button it will display the data that is available for the field;<br />
*: If the user double clicks on the button they will see the User data editor and they can edit the user data.<br />
* Clicking on the [[Image:DoneButton.png]] will close the Species Database Editor. <br />
* See [[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]] for the definition of the various fields. <br />
<br />
The image below shows the species database editor for a Liquid species. If you move your mouse over the image you will see a description of each field or area. If you click in the fields, you will jump to that topic:<br />
<br />
:<imagemap><br />
Image:Species dB Editor 9.3.png<br />
rect 52 467 243 38 [[#Description|1. Displays all of the species within the Species Database in Alphabetical order]]<br />
rect 0 467 48 64 [[#Description|2. All Species that are Ticked will be included in the project.]]<br />
rect 0 476 242 517 [[#Description|3. The list of Species may be filtered to show all species in a selected phase, or containing a selected Element, etc.]]<br />
rect 735 60 938 32 [[#Description|4. The Species Definition. You must click on the 'Edit Definition' button to change any of these fields.]]<br />
rect 897 153 941 439 [[#Description|5. Click on the small button next to a field to edit the data in the field.]]<br />
rect 27 518 227 588 [[#Description|6. Import a Species from either another SysCAD species database, or from an HSC database.]]<br />
rect 233 556 324 590 [[#Description|7. Add a completely new Species, or add a Species from the hardwired species list.]]<br />
rect 342 556 476 600 [[#Description|8. You may Copy or Delete the highlighted Species.]]<br />
rect 493 556 640 600 [[#Description|9. You must either click on Update or Undo when you have made any changes to a Species.]]<br />
rect 833 558 920 590 [[#Description|10. Click on the Done button to close the Species editor.]]<br />
rect 257 57 694 40 [[Species Table 9.3#Long Name|This string describes the species and is often the common or English name for the species, e.g. Water, Lime, Nitric_Acid, etc.]]<br />
rect 257 84 694 66 [[Species Table 9.3#Short Name|This is normally the chemical formula of the Species, e.g. H2O, HNO3, etc.]]<br />
rect 257 113 694 96 [[Species Table 9.3#Component|This is usually the same as the short name]]<br />
rect 257 139 694 123 [[Species Table 9.3#Definition|The Elemental makeup and, if required, the Charge of the Species, e.g. H2O1, H1N1O3, H1+ etc.]]<br />
rect 735 84 897 67 [[Species Table 9.3#Phase Occurrence|The required phase of the Species - Solid, Liquid or Gas.]]<br />
rect 735 113 897 93 [[Species Table 9.3#Individual Phase Label|The Individual phase of the Species, e.g. s, l, g, aq, o, ml, etc.]]<br />
rect 257 183 897 165 [[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data#Heat of Formation (H25)|Heat of formation at 25C. You may also enter data for Heat of Dilution]]<br />
rect 257 209 897 190 [[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data#Entropy (S25)|Entropy at 25C.]]<br />
rect 257 250 897 233 [[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|The specific heat may be a constant value, a single function, or a number of functions.]]<br />
rect 257 276 897 259 [[Species Table 9.3 - Density|The Density may be a constant value, a function of Temperature, a function of Mass Fraction, or a function of Mass Fraction AND Temperature.]]<br />
rect 257 302 897 284 [[Species Table 9.3 - Common Physical Data|Phase change data includes Solubility, Phase change at Temperature or Phase change at mass fraction.]]<br />
rect 257 329 897 311 [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|The Boiling Point Elevation constant - SysCAD uses the van't Hoff formula for BPE.]]<br />
rect 257 355 897 336 [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#(Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b)|The acid or base dissociation constants for acidic or basic species. If there is a value entered in this field, then the species will be used for pH calculations.]]<br />
rect 257 380 897 362 [[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|The viscosity of a species.]]<br />
rect 257 407 897 389 [[Species Table 9.3|The Thermal conductivity of a species.]]<br />
rect 257 483 897 463 [[Species Table 9.3#Warning|The user may type a warning message here. The message will be displayed on the Species tab of the Messages window when a project is opened.]]<br />
rect 257 510 897 492 [[Species Table 9.3#Reference|The user may enter the reference information for the data. This is optional, but highly recommended.]]<br />
rect 257 536 650 519 [[Species Table 9.3#Checked|The user may enter their name or initials to show that the data has been checked.]]<br />
rect 651 537 896 519 [[#Description|When a species has been modified, SysCAD will record the name of the computer and the date and time in this field.]]<br />
desc bottom-left<br />
</imagemap><br />
<br />
=== Descriptions ===<br />
<br />
:{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" <br />
| [[Image: Button Small 1.png]] || All of the species that exist within the species database may be displayed in alphabetical order in this Display Window. When you click on a species in the display window the parameters for that species become visible for viewing or editing. In the above window, CuSO4(aq) is selected and its parameters are displayed.<br>You may use the Filter at the bottom of the list to change the species that are displayed.<br />
|- <br />
| [[Image: Button Small 2.png]] || Species that are ticked are selected in the project configuration. The user may click in the box to toggle the tick and hence select or un-select the species.<br>Note: If the user clicks in the box to add a species to the project, then SysCAD will add that species to the display list. It is recommended that the user checks the position of the species in the display list in the configuration editor.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 3.png]] || The user may use the filters to change the display of the species. The second filter, where the user may enter required species or elements, is only active with the 'Starts' and 'Contains' filters - all other filter options, 'All Species', 'Solids in Project', etc. will ignore the text entered in the second box.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 4.png]] || The top section displays the fields that are used to define a species. To edit any of these fields, you must click on the [[Image:Edit Definition.png]] button.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 5.png]] || If the user clicks on the small button next to a field, a window will display all available data for that field. If the users double clicks on the button, the Edit User Data dialog will be pop up and the user may edit the data.<br>If there is a [[Image:Hardwired Data.png]] icon next to a field, then there is Hardwired data available for that field.<br>If there is a [[Image:User Data.png]] icon next to a field, then there is user data available for that field.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 6.png]] || The user may import a species into the database from an external database using either of these 2 buttons, [[Image: Species Import.png]]:<br>click on the SysCAD button to import a species from another SysCAD database, including the default database that is supplied with SysCAD.<br>If you own the HSC software, then you may click on the HSC button to import a species from the HSC database into SysCAD.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 7.png]] || Click on the [[Image:Add Button.png]] button to add a totally new species, or to add a species from the Hardwired list.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 8.png]] || The [[Image:Copy and Delete Button.png]] buttons will work on the species that is currently selected.<br>Note that if the user copies a species, then you MUST change the definition to ensure that it is a unique species.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 9.png]] || The [[Image:Update and Undo Button.png]] buttons are used when you have made changes to a species. You cannot move to another species, or click on the Done button, until you have clicked on either Update or Undo.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Image: Button Small 10.png]] || Click on the [[Image:DoneButton.png]] button to close the Species Database Editor. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Data Field Indicators and Buttons ===<br />
<br />
:{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| '''Button or Indicator''' || '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | [[Image:EditButton.png|20px]] || When the user clicks on this button they will see a list of the data that exist for the adjacent field.<br />
# The data that is used in the project will have a tick displayed next to it, and this will be the data that is visible in the data field.<br />
# The user may click on any value in the list and this will be selected to be used in the project. This data will also be displayed in the field.<br />
#:<imagemap><br />
Image:View Field Data.png<br />
rect 7 139 670 3 [[#Data Field Indicators and Buttons|The button on the left of the property field will allow the user to view and change the between user and hardwired data.]]<br />
desc bottom-left<br />
</imagemap> <br />
The Data that may be listed is as follows:<br />
* Hardwired Data: Only visible if hard-wired data is available for this field. The Hardwired data will be displayed with the name of the reference. In the above example only 1 set of Hardwired data is available, and the reference for this data is Felder;<br />
* User Data: Only visible if user data is available for this field. The data will be called 'User' with the value displayed;<br />
* Ignore Data: Always visible. If the user clicks on this line, then the project will ignore all data, including User data and Hard-wired data; and<br />
* Edit User Data: Always visible. If the user clicks on the 'Edit User Data', the Data Editor dialog box will be visible and the user may enter data for the field. This data will then be used in the project and will be displayed in the field.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | [[Image:Hardwired Data.png|20px]] || If this indicator is visible next to a field it means that there is hard-wired data available for this field. (If the hard-wired data is being used in the project, then the field will have a grey background.)<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | [[Image:User Data.png|20px]] || If this indicator is visible next to a field it means that there is user data available for this field.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | [[Image:HardwiredUser.png|20px]] || If both the Hard-wired and User indicators are visible and the background colour is also visible, this means that the Hard-wired data = User data. The user may then remove the user data and just use the hard-wired data, if required.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Data Fields ===<br />
<br />
The Data Fields are described briefly below. (For further information on how the data is used within SysCAD, please see [[Species Table 9.3]])<br />
<br />
<br />
:{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" <br />
| <div style="text-align: center;">'''Data Field Name'''</div> || <div style="text-align: center;">'''Data Type'''</div> || <div style="text-align: center;">'''Required/Optional'''</div> || <div style="text-align: center;">'''Description'''</div> || <div style="text-align: center;">'''Example'''</div><br />
|-<br />
|colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Species Definition''' To edit any of these fields, you must click on the [[Image:Edit Definition.png]] button.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3#Long Name|Long Name]] || Alphanumeric string || Required || The name of the species || Sodium Chloride<br />
|- <br />
| [[Species Table 9.3#Short Name|Short Name]] || Alphanumeric string || Required || The species tag, normally a chemical formula || NaCl<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3#Component|Component]] || Alphanumeric string || Required || The compound, normally a chemical formula, usually the same as the Short Name || NaCl<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3#Definition|Definition]] || Alphanumeric string || Required || The elemental makeup and charge of the species (case sensitive).<br>Charge is specified by adding any number of '+' or '-' to the end of the elemental definition (eg. Fe1++). || Na1Cl1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3#Phase Occurrence|Phase Occurrence]] || Selection Buttons || Required || The phase in which the species occurs. This may only be Solid, Liquid or Gas. || Liquid<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3#Individual Phase Label|Individual Phase Label]] || Drop down list, or user defined || Required || The individual phase. This may be the same as the Phase or a subset of the phase, e.g aq is a subset of liquid. The user may also type in their own name, i.e. "o" for an organic species. || valign="top"| aq<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Thermodynamic Data'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data#Heat of Formation (H25)|H25]] || Single value or Heat of Dilution (for Liquids only) || Optional || The enthalpy of formation in J/mol at 25<sup>0</sup>C. Normally 0 for elements in their Standard State, negative for most other species.<br>Users may enter Heat of dilution data for liquid species. || valign="top"| -407312.394<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data#Entropy (S25)|S25]] || Single value || Optional || The entropy in J/mol.K at 25<sup>0</sup>C || 117.152 <br />
|-<br />
|valign="top" | [[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Cp]] || valign="top" | Single value or Function || valign="top" | Optional || The specific Heat in J/mol.K. This may be a constant, or any of the equations shown in the User selection list.<br>* A species may have more than one Cp equation. In the example above, NaCl(aq) has 2 equations covering a temperature range from 273K to 473K. || valign="top"| CRC_Cp(40.016, 25.468, 3.648, 0): Range(C,25,150)<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Common Physical Data''' These fields are visible for Solids, Liquids and Gases.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"| [[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]] || valign="top"| Single value or Function || Optional || The density of the species. This may be a constant or a polynomial where density is a function of Temperature or Mass Fraction, in the case of a dissolved liquid species. || valign="top"| 2300<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"| [[Species Table 9.3 - Common Physical Data#Phase Change|Phase Change]] || valign="top"| Single value or Function || valign="top"| Optional || Methods of changing between species phases. This includes:<br>* Solubility;<br>* Temperature; and<br>* Mass Fraction. || valign="top"| SolubleT -g/100g<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Liquid Only Data''' Visible only if the species is a Liquid.<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"| [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#Boiling Point Elevation|BPE]] || Single value of Function || valign="top"| Optional || The user enters the van't Hoff constant for the species. (This functionality currently expects the solvent to be water.) || valign="top"| vantHoffConst(1.68)<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"| [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#(Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b)|Ka/b]] || valign="top"| Values || valign="top"| Optional || The dissociation constant(s) of the species. Values for common acids and bases are present in SysCAD. See also [[Standard Species Model#Acidity (pH) Calculations|Acidity Calculations]] || valign="top"| Ka(1,0)<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Liquid and Gas Data''' Visible if the species is a Liquid OR a Gas.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3 - Common Physical Data#Viscosity|Viscosity]] || Function or Single Value || Optional || The user may enter an equation to calculate the viscosity of the species - normally as a function of temperature || Prausnitz(0.34,0.00057,0,0)<br />
|-<br />
| Thermal Conductivity || Function or Single Value || Optional || The user may enter an equation or single value for the thermal conductivity of the species || 1.536<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Vapour Properties''' Visible only if the species is a Gas.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties#Vapour Pressure (Vp)|Vp]] || Function || Optional || Vapour pressure equation, used in VLE. Any of the standard vapour pressure equations, including the various forms of the Antoine equation. See [[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties#Vapour Pressure (Vp)|Vapour Pressure in the Species Table]]. || VpAnt(3.81634, 319.013, -6.45) : Range(K, 64.29, 97.2)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties#Gas Constants|Gas Constants]] || Constant Values || Optional || The user may enter the critical constants for Temperature, Pressure and Volume as well as the Acentric Factor. || Gc(154.6, 5.045985, 0.0734, 0.021)<br />
|-<br />
| CpCv || Single Value || Optional || The user may enter the CpCv value for a gas. || 1.34<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Administration'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Species Table 9.3#Warning|Warning]] || Alphanumeric || Optional || Field to allow user to enter a warning message that will appear once when the project is loaded. || Thermodynamic data for Jarosite is suspect!<br />
|-<br />
|| [[Species Table 9.3#Reference|Reference]] || Alphanumeric || Optional || Field to allow user to give references for user data. Ideally this will contain references for all the user data for the species. || Cp from HSC Database & Gas Constants from Prausnitz 1977<br />
|- <br />
|| [[Species Table 9.3#Checked|Checked]] || Alphanumeric || Optional || Field to allow user to confirm that data has been checked. Ideally this will contain the users name or initials and date. || John Doe 23/6/2007<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Enter or Change Species data ==<br />
<br />
You may enter or change data for most species in the Species database. However, the following species are handled differently in the SysCAD database:<br />
* '''Water''' and '''Steam''', H2O(l) and H2O(g), always exist in the SysCAD database and you CANNOT change the data for these two species. The properties for water and steam are calculated using internal functions and data. Please see '''[[Water and Steam Properties]]'''.<br />
* '''Sulfuric acid''', H2SO4(l) and H2SO4(aq), always exist in the SysCAD database. However, you can edit the data for these species. Please see [[Sulfuric Acid#Editing the Properties of Sulfuric Acid|Editing the Properties of Sulfuric Acid]].<br />
<br />
You may add, delete and edit all other species. You may click on a species in the Display List and the fields that can be edited are displayed on the right hand side:<br />
<br />
# All fields may be edited, no matter if they have a white or grey background;<br />
# Fields with a grey background are using hardwired data that is stored in SysCAD. The user may still enter and use their own data for this field;<br />
# Fields that contain Hardwired data have an indicator, [[Image:Hardwired Data.png|20px]] on the right hand side of the field. If the configuration is set up to use the Hardwired data, then the data will be displayed in the field with a grey background. You may edit these fields by clicking on the Edit button at the right of the field. If you wish to return to the Hardwired data at any time, you simply click on the Edit button and select the Hardwired data from the list;<br />
# Fields that contain User data have an indicator, [[Image:User Data.png|20px]] on the right hand side of the field. If the configuration is set up to use the User data, then this data will be displayed in the field on a white backgroung. You may edit these fields by clicking on the Edit button at the right of the field;<br />
# Fields that contain Hardwired data that is exactly equal to the User data, will have both the Hardwired and User indicators shown on a coloured background. This is not a problem, but the user may want to remove the User data, and just use the Hardwired data.<br />
<br />
=== Properties Editor Dialog Boxes ===<br />
<br />
To edit the user properties, either:<br />
# Click on the 'Edit User Data' line in the list of available data; OR<br />
# Double click on the button.<br />
<br />
The properties Editor dialog box will be visible. The dialog box for editing Density is shown below:<br />
<br />
:<imagemap><br />
Image:Species Density Editor.png<br />
rect 288 312 776 1 [[#Properties Editor Dialog Boxes|The species property edit dialog window allows the user to change data.]]<br />
rect 2 212 284 46 [[#Properties Editor Dialog Boxes|The user may select a function from the drop down list.]]<br />
desc bottom-left<br />
</imagemap> <br />
<br />
<br />
The Function Type drop down contains a list of functions that you may use for that particular property. The image above shows the functions available for the Density field:<br />
<br />
=== Entering Spline Data ===<br />
<br />
Currently you may enter TSpline data for a number of properties in the Species Database.<br />
<br />
TSpline data has the following requirements:<br />
* The user must enter a table of data with X and Y values;<br />
*:'''Note:''' The best way to enter this data is to copy it from an Excel spreadsheet with the X and Y data in adjacent columns, but the user may manually enter the data;<br />
* Low Range - the lowest X value in the table;<br />
* High Range - the highest X value in the table;<br />
* Tension - this factor determines the shape of the curve between data points. If this factor is small, the curve approaches a cubic spline. As the tension increases the curve between points becomes more linear. The default value of 1 will normally be acceptable;<br />
* Once you are happy with the data. click on the '''Check''' button so that SysCAD can check for incorrect syntax or missing values;<br />
* If there are no errors with the data, click on the '''OK''' button;<br />
* SysCAD will then use a Spline method to interpolate from the data in the table. <br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# A spline is a special function defined piecewise by polynomials and is used in interpolating problems.<br />
# A fitted equation will be processed more quickly within SysCAD and hence is preferred to entering TSpline data.<br />
<br />
The steps for entering this data are shown in the image below (the example shown is for Solubility, but the principle is the same for all other properties):<br />
<br />
:[[image: SPline Data.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Use Hardwired Data for User Data ===<br />
<br />
When editing the Gas Constants field (only applicable to gaseous species), the Edit User Data dialog contains a button called ''Select H/W''. If pressed, this button will display the available hard wired data sets for this gas. The user can choose one of them and the user data will be populated with this data.<br />
<br />
[[image: Select HW.png]]<br />
<br />
== Adding a New Species ==<br />
<br />
To add a new chemical species using the Edit Species Tab page:<br />
# Click on the [[Image:Add Button.png]] button.<br />
# You may then either add a new species, or 'import' a species from the Hardwired species in SysCAD, as shown in the image below:<br />
<br />
:[[Image: Add a new Species.png]]<br />
<br />
''' Example'''<br />
<br />
To add a 'pseudo' species, such as ''InertSolids'' or ''Gangue'', do the following:<br />
# Click on the [[Image:Add Button.png]] button;<br />
# In the 'Select Defined Species' dialog window, click on the [[Image:Define New Species.png]] button;<br />
# You will then see the 'Species Definition' dialog window, as shown below:<br />
#: [[Image:Table - New Species Definition.png]]<br />
# Enter the required fields, in this case we have used a pseudo species called ''Gangue'';<br />
# When entering the definition of a 'pseudo' species, you can use a false element and composition, in this case Gn1(100), where Gn is NOT a real element. Here we are saying that ''Gangue'' consists of 1 atom of Gn which has a molecular weight of 100. (Normally this is the elemental composition of the species, such as Na2S1O4 for Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.);<br />
# Choose the Phase Occurrence as Solid and the required Individual Phase Label, usually ''s'';<br />
# Click on the 'OK' button;<br />
# You can then enter data for all of the other fields. These are all optional, but it is recommended that you enter a reasonable value for the density, as this will affect stream densities and volumetric flows.<br />
# It is also recommended that you enter some information in the Checked and Reference fields, so that there is an audit trail for this information.<br />
<br />
== Copy an Existing Species ==<br />
<br />
# To add a new Species that resembles an existing Species in the species database, click on the similar Species in the species display window and press the [[Image:Copy Button.png]] button.<br />
# You must first edit the Species definition data fields to create a unique new Species:<br />
#: [[Image:Copy Species Definition.png]]<br />
#: You can change the long name, short name (and component) and definition of the species - in the example above we could change the species,H3O.Al3[SO4]2[OH]6(s), to:<br />
#: [[Image:Change Species Definition.png]]<br />
#: Alternatively, you could have changed the phase to Liquid with an individual phase = aq and this would create a unique species, H3O.Al3[SO4]2[OH]6(aq).<br />
# Once you have changed the Species Definition fields, click on the 'OK' button;<br />
# You may change any of the other field values, or leave them to have the same values as the copied species;<br />
# When you have finished making changes, click on the '''Update''' button to add the new species to the database. (or '''Undo''' to cancel the edit.)<br />
<br />
== Delete Species from database ==<br />
<br />
Click on the unwanted Species in the species display window and press '''Delete'''. The Species will be deleted from the SysCAD.mdb file that you are editing.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' The following species CANNOT be deleted from the SysCAD database:<br />
* H2O(l),<br />
* H2O(g),<br />
* H2SO4(l), and<br />
* H2SO4(aq)<br />
<br />
== Importing Species from SysCAD or HSC Database ==<br />
<br />
# Data may be imported from other SysCAD [[Species Table 9.3|Species Tables]] (For example, the SysCAD93\Basefiles\Default.93.mdb) using the '''SysCAD dB''' Button in the ''Import'' section.<br />
# Data may be imported directly from the Species Database provided with HSC Chemistry by Outotec (previously Outokumpu). To use this feature you do not need to load or run HSC, but you must have access to an installed copy of '''HSC Chemistry for Windows'''. For more information on the Licensed Software HSC Chemistry from Outotec, contact your local distributor or Outotec Research directly (www.outotec.com/HSC).<br />
<br />
To import data from the edit species database window, push the required button (SysCAD or HSC), navigate to the required database and select the database. The following Dialog box will be opened (note: the G column only appears when importing from HSC):<br />
<br />
:[[Image:Species dB import 9.3.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Filter Import Display ===<br />
<br />
You may filter the species by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the dialogue box. The available options are:<br />
# '''None:''' All species in the database will be displayed.<br />
# '''Starts:''' Select this and then enter in the Element of interest into the Right Hand window and the list will only display species starting with the selected element. In the above example, we have selected Ca (Calcium) and only those species starting with Ca are displayed. You may refine the filter beyond just the first element, e.g. if you enter Ca2Fe, then the list of species displayed is considerably shorter.<br />
# '''Contains:''' Select this then type in the Element of interest into the Right Hand window and the list will display all species that include the selected element. If in the above example we used '''Contains''' instead of '''Starts''', the list of species would have been much longer, and included species such as Al2Ca(s), KCaCl3(s), etc.<br />
<br />
=== Import Rules ===<br />
<br />
# To import new chemical species, click in the ''Import'' box on the left and a tick will appear. <br />
# You can select single or multiple species before pressing '''Import''' to proceed.<br />
# Species with a '''N/A''' next to the Import box already exist in the destination database and cannot be imported.<br />
# When importing from HSC, SysCAD displays some individual species as part of a ''Group'', indicated by the letter 'G' next to the import box. This is for the case of species with multiple distinct phases with different temperature ranges, Heats of Transformation (Ht) between phases and Heat Capacity (Cp) data for each range. In these cases: <br />
#: It is recommended, but not essential, that all species in a group are imported together. If the user omits any member of the group from the import, they will see a message window when they click on Import:<br />
#: [[Image:Species dB import Message 9.3.png]]<br />
#: You can either click on 'Cancel' and then select all members of the group, or continue and only import the selected species.<br />
#: The Section below describes how SysCAD calculates the Heat of Formation for each species in this case.<br />
<br />
=== Importing Species with Phase Change From HSC ===<br />
<br />
==== Species with Heat of Transformation ====<br />
<br />
The SysCAD species database requires the Hf for each phase and '''NOT''' the Ht, as given in the HSC database. The automatic import from HSC to SysCAD manages this as follows:<br />
* For the first phase, SysCAD imports the Heat of Formation at 25&deg;C.<br />
* For subsequent phases, SysCAD will calculate (internally) the enthalpy of the species at the starting temperature using the Hf, Ht and Cp data provided by HSC. SysCAD will then calculate for that particular temperature range what the Hf at 25&deg;C needs to be in order to get back to this enthalpy at the starting temperature, '''using the Cp data for this temperature range only'''. This will most likely result in SysCAD importing a different Hf for each temperature range. Thus the enthalpy shown by SysCAD outside the specified temperature range may not be strictly correct, but within the specified temperature range, the enthalpy calculated by SysCAD will be correct.<br />
<br />
For example, the following data is shown in the HSC database for SiO2:<br />
:{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
|- <br />
|| Species || Phase || Ts (K) || Te (K) || H (J/mol) || a || b || c || d || Comment<br />
|- <br />
|| SiO2 || AAs || 298.15 || 847 || -910857 || 58.082 || -0.033 || -14.259 || 28.221 || In this case H is the Hf at 25 &deg;C for SiO2(AAs).<br />
|- <br />
|| SiO2 || BBs || 847 || 1079 || 728 || 58.873 || 10.071 || 0.117 || 0 || Here the H value is the Ht between SiO2(AAs) -> SiO2(BBs) at 847K.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The HSC_Cp equations are in the format of (T is in Kelvin, Cp is J/(mol.K)):<br />
<br />
<math> C_p = a + b.10^{-3}*T + \frac{c.10^5}{T^2} + d.10^{-6}*T^2 </math><br />
<br />
For the first phase, SysCAD will import the value of -910857 J/mol for the Heat of Formation at 25 deg C (298.15K).<br />
<br />
For the second phase, SysCAD will first calculate the enthalpy at the starting temperature (Ts) of 847K, using the relationship:<br />
<br />
<math> H (Ts) = Hf (298.15K) + Ht + \int\limits_{298.15}^{Ts}Cp. dT </math><br />
<br />
H (847K) = -910857 + 728 + 34236 = -875893 J/mol, using the Cp data for the first temperature range.<br />
<br />
SysCAD will then calculate what the Hf at 25 deg C needs to be in order to get back to this enthalpy at the starting temperature, '''using the Cp data for this temperature range only'''. This means that it will used a fixed Cp calculated at Ts.<br />
<br />
<math> C_p (847K) = 58.873 + 10.071.10^{-3}*847 + \frac{0.117.10^5}{847^2} + 0.10^{-6}*847^2 = 67.42 J/(mol.K) </math><br />
<br />
Thus for the second phase, Hf (298.15K) = H (847K) - Cp * (Ts - 298.15) = -875893 - (67.42*(847-298.15)) = -912896 J/mol.<br />
<br />
==== Species with no Heat of Transformation ====<br />
<br />
Some species in the HSC database has a number of 'phases', each with a distinct Cp equation. However, there is '''no''' heat of transition between these phases.<br />
* In these cases, SysCAD will import these as a single species with multiple Cp equations.<br />
* The number of Cp equations is displayed in the Import Dialogue box on the right hand side under ''Segs''.<br />
<br />
== Loading the modified data into SysCAD ==<br />
<br />
*You must exit and reload your project (or exit and restart SysCAD) in order to use any changes or additions.<br />
*For newly added chemical species to appear in your SysCAD project, the configuration file must be edited as well. See [[Species Configuration#Adding or Removing a Species|Adding a Species to the Configuration File]].<br />
<br />
An option has been added to allow automated save and reload of data if the project was open when existing data is modified. (This does not show new additions, new additions must first be added to the configuration file).<br />
<br />
The follow dialog box will appear when SysCAD sees a change in the species database:<br />
<br />
:[[Image:SaveAndReload 9.3.PNG]]<br />
<br />
The user may choose to continue and the changes will only apply after a project reload. Alternatively the user can close and reload the project to use the most up to date information, with three sub-options relating to the saving of the project: don't save; save; or, save as new version.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Potash_Species_Model&diff=42304Potash Species Model2018-04-16T05:43:38Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Potash Liquor Calculator */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Potash Solubility]], [[Potash Evaporator]], [[Potash Properties Utility]]<br />
----<br />
== General Description ==<br />
<br />
The Potash species model may be used to calculate certain properties of aqueous liquids within a Potash project. Density, Heat Capacity (and hence Enthalpy) and Viscosity may be calculated using the equations defined by in papers by Laliberte et al<sup>1,2,3</sup>. The Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) may be calculated using the Fabuss Korosi equation.<br />
<br />
The Laliberte and Fabuss Korosi equations used in the species model are given in the Model Theory section below.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The Laliberte and/or Fabuss Korosi equations may be selected in the Plant Model, as described below.<br />
# If the Laliberte species model is selected, only AQUEOUS species are considered when calculating liquid properties. If any of the following species are present they will be used in the calculations:<br />
#* KCl(aq), NaCl(aq), MgCl2(aq), CaCl2(aq), LiCl(aq), CaSO4(aq), NaBr(aq) and KBr(aq).<br />
#* All other aqueous species are IGNORED.<br />
# All of the properties that are not explicitly calculated by this model are calculated using the [[Standard Species Model]].<br />
# The [[Example Projects#Potash Projects|Four Stage Crystallisation Example]] and [[Example Projects#Potash Projects|Three Stage Evaporator Example]], which are distributed with SysCAD in the Examples Folder, demonstrate the use of the Potash species model in SysCAD projects.<br />
<br />
== Model Theory ==<br />
<br />
=== Liquid Density Calculations ===<br />
<br />
The '''Laliberte''' solution density is calculated using the water density, p<sub>w</sub> and the solutes apparent density using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_m=\frac{1}{\frac{m_w}{p_w}+\sum{\frac{m_i}{p_{app,i}}}}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The Apparent density of each solute in solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{p_{app,i}=\frac{(c_0(1-m_w)+c_1)*e^{(0.000001(T+c_4)^2)}}{(1-m_w)+c_2+c_3*T}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where:<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>w</sub> || = || density of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>app,i</sub> || = || solute i apparent density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|p<sub>m</sub> || = || solution density, kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|c<sub>0</sub> to c<sub>4</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The constants for most of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between 0 and approximately 100<sup>0</sup>C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# The constants for CaSO4(aq) are only valid for a single temperature, 25<sup>0</sup>C, and hence these values are suspect.<br />
# Water density is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
# Solid density is calculated using the Standard species model method - [[Standard Species Model#Density Calculations|Density Calculations using the Standard Species Model]]<br />
<br />
=== Enthalpy Calculations ===<br />
<br />
With the Lalilberte model the user has a choice of Enthalpy models:<br />
* The '''Laliberte''' model will calculate the Enthalpy as a full integral of Cp with respect to Temperature, i.e. <math>\Delta H = \int\limits_{T_1}^{T_2}Cp dT\,</math><br />
* The '''Laliberte Low''' model with calculate Enthalpy as <math>\Delta H = Cp * (T_2 - T_1)</math>.<br />
*: This will be less accurate, but faster computationally.<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' Both methods will calculate Cp using the equations show below.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Heat Capacity Calculations ===<br />
<br />
==== Liquid Heat Capacity ====<br />
<br />
With the '''Lalilberte''' model the liquid specific heat is calculated using the water specific heat, Cp<sub>w</sub> and the solutes heat capacity using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{Cp_m = m_wCp_w + \sum{m_iCp_i}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
The heat capacity of each solute in solution is calculated from:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{Cp_i= a_1e^{\alpha}+a_5(1-m_w)^{a_6}}}</math><br />
<br />
Where<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{\alpha= a_2*T +a_3e^{0.01T}+a_4(1-m_w)}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute species i<br />
|-<br />
|Cp<sub>w</sub> || = || Heat capacity of water (at stream temperature and pressure), kJ/kg.K<br />
|-<br />
|Cp<sub>i</sub> || = || Heat capacity of solute i, kJ/kg.K<br />
|-<br />
|Cp<sub>m</sub> || = || solution Heat capacity, kJ/kg.K<br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|a<sub>1</sub> to a<sub>6</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants for each solute species.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The constants for most of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between approximately 5 and 120<sup>0</sup>C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# The constants for CaSO4(aq) are only valid for a single temperature, 25<sup>0</sup>C, and hence these values are suspect.<br />
# Water heat capacity is calculated in SysCAD as described here: [[Water and Steam Properties]].<br />
<br />
==== Solids and Vapours Heat Capacity ====<br />
<br />
Solids Cp (Cp<sub>s</sub>) and Vapours Cp (Cp<sub>v</sub>) are calculated from Cp values as given in the species database, please see [[Standard Species Model#Stream Specific Heat values (Cp)|Specific Heat values (Cp) Calculations using the Standard Species Model]].<br />
<br />
==== Stream Heat Capacity ====<br />
<br />
:::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{Cp=\frac{SolidsMass*Cp_s+LiquidsMass*Cp_L+VapoursMass*Cp_V}{SolidsMass+LiquidsMass+VapoursMass}}}</math><br />
<br />
=== Viscosity ===<br />
<br />
With the '''Laliberte''' method, the liquid viscosity is calculated using the water viscosity, v<sub>w</sub> and the solutes viscosity using following equation:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{\ln{n_m} = m_w * \ln{n_w} + \sum{m_i * \ln{n_i}}}}</math><br />
<br />
The viscosity for each solute is defined by:<br />
<br />
::<math>\mathbf{\mathit{\ln{n_i} = \frac{v_1(1-m_w)^{v_2}+v_3}{(v_4*T+1)(v_5(1-m_w)^{v_6}+1)}}}</math><br />
<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|n<sub>m</sub> || = || Solution Viscosity, mPa.s<br />
|-<br />
|n<sub>w</sub> || = || Viscosity of water, mPa.s<br />
|-<br />
|n<sub>i</sub> || = || Viscosity of solute i, mPa.s<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>w</sub> || = || mass fraction of water<br />
|-<br />
|m<sub>i</sub> || = || mass fraction of solute i<br />
|-<br />
|T || = || Temperature in °C<br />
|-<br />
|v<sub>1</sub> to v<sub>6</sub> || = || dimensionless empirical constants.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The constants for most of the aqueous species are valid for temperatures between approximately 5 and 120<sup>0</sup>C.<br />
# If the unit temperature is outside of the species temperature range, then SysCAD will use the values at the temperature limit.<br />
# CaSO4(aq) does not have any data for viscosity.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) ===<br />
<br />
Using the '''Fabuss Korosi''' method, the Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) of a brine is calculated by first determining the vapour pressure lowering of a solution containing KCl and NaCl relative to pure water. The activity coefficient is determined by a semi-empirical correlation.<sup>4,5</sup><br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{k = \frac{p^0 - p}{mp^0}}}</math><br />
<br />
and<br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{k = a + bu^{0.5}}}</math><br />
<br />
where: k - Relative molar vapour pressure depression for a species;<br />
<br />
m - molality of the solution;<br />
<br />
p - vapour pressure of the solution;<br />
<br />
p<sup>0</sup> - vapour pressure of water at the given conditions;<br />
<br />
u - Species ionic strength;<br />
<br />
a and b - Temperature dependant constants, calculated as follows:<br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{a = a_1 + a_2t + a_3t^2}}</math><br />
<br />
<math>\mathbf{\mathit{b = b_1 + b_2t + b_3t^2}}</math><br />
<br />
t - Temperature<br />
<br />
The constants in the above equations, a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, b<sub>1</sub>, b<sub>2</sub> and b<sub>3</sub> are empirical values determined by experimentation.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
# Laliberte´ M. and Cooper W.E. ''Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49.<br />
# Laliberte´ M. ''Model for Calculating the Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52.<br />
# Laliberte´ M. ''A Model for Calculating the Heat Capacity of Aqueous Solutions, with Updated Density and Viscosity Data'' J. Chem. Eng. Data 2009, 54.<br />
# Fabuss, B. M., Korosi, A. (1966). Vapour Pressures of Binary Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at Concentrations and Temperatures of Interest in Desalination Processes. Desalination, 1, 139-148. <br />
# Fabuss, B. M., Korosi, A. (1966). Vapour Pressures of Ternary Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at Concentrations and Temperatures of Interest in Desalination Processes. Desalination, 1, 149-155.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Required Chemical Compounds==<br />
<br />
The following species are used by the Potash set of models and are required in the species database and configuration file. Some of the species are optional, but if they are present in the database, their effects will be included in the correlation calculations.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| Phase || Species Formula || Species Name || Required / Optional<br />
|-<br />
| '''VAPOUR''' || H2O(g) || Water Vapour || Required <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | '''AQUEOUS SPECIES''' || H2O(l) || Water || Required <br />
|-<br />
| KCl(aq) || Aqueous Potassium Chloride || Required <br />
|-<br />
| NaCl(aq)|| Aqueous Sodium Chloride || Required <br />
|-<br />
| MgCl2(aq) || Aqueous Magnesium Chloride || Optional <br />
|-<br />
| CaCl2(aq) || Aqueous Calcium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| LiCl(aq) || Aqueous Lithium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4(aq)|| Aqueous Calcium Sulphate || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| KBr(aq) || Aqueous Potassium Bromide || Optional <br />
|-<br />
| NaBr(aq) || Aqueous Sodium Bromide || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | '''SOLIDS''' || KCl(s)|| Solid Potassium Chloride || Required<br />
|-<br />
| NaCl(s)|| Solid Sodium Chloride || Required<br />
|-<br />
| MgCl2(s) || Solid Magnesium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaCl2(s) || Solid Calcium Chloride || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4.2H2O(s)|| Gypsum || Optional<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4(s)|| Anhydrous Gypsum || Optional<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Selecting different methods for Property Calculations ===<br />
<br />
If the Potash species model is selected, the user can choose to use Laliberte' or the Standard method to calculate Liquid Density, Specific Heat (Cp) or Viscosity.<br />
<br />
The user may also choose either the Fabuss Korosi or the standard method to calculate the Boiling Point Elevation.<br />
<br />
These selections are applied globally, so you cannot use different methods in different areas in the same project. The method is selected globally from the '''View - PlantModel''' access window ''Globals'' Tab as illustrated below. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Potash Globals 1.png]]<br />
<br />
==Potash Liquor Calculator==<br />
<br />
When defining a Potash Liquor stream, it is possible to have SysCAD calculate the feed composition based on user defined potash species concentrations.<br />
<br />
This is done in the Feeder unit - but only in a 'True' feeder, i.e. not connected to a sink on a different flowhseet:<br />
* First turn on the Calculator, by ticking the 'Calculator' checkbox located on the FeederSink Tab,<br />
* Then go to the newly created tab called "Calc", and define the required composition.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the images below:<br />
:<br />
:[[File:PotashCalculator.png]]<br />
:For more information on the feed calculator variables, please see [[#Feeder Configuration Data|Potash Calculator Configuration Data]].<br />
<br />
The calculated feed composition will be set into the DSp tab. The variables set by the calculator are indicated by the yellow background. <br />
:[[File:PotashCalculatorValSet.png]] <br />
<br />
'''NOTES: '''<br />
# If the calculator is enabled, the user may '''NOT''' manually change the feed composition on the DSp tab. All changes must be made on the Calc tab.<br />
# The user may enable the calculator once to get an idea of the values, and then turn the calculator off to manually change the DSp tab values, if required.<br />
# If the feeder is connected to a sink on another flowsheet, the calculated values are ignored.<br />
<br />
== Data Sections ==<br />
<br />
# The specific Potash data will be displayed on the 'Props' tab for the Qi and Qo pages of the Pipe access window, and under the Content page for units.<br />
# If the user has selected the Laliberte' methods for calculating Density, Heat Capacity and Viscosity, then these will be used and displayed throughout the project.<br />
# Only the data that is calculated using the Potash equations is shown below. The other data is discussed in the SysCAD Model help - Pipe Section. <br />
<br />
=== Feeder Configuration Data ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
| Tag / Symbol || Input / Calc || Description<br />
|- <br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" align="left" | '' Potash Liquor Calculator''<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top"| DefineLiquor ||valign="top"| Check Box || If this box is checked, the Feeder will calculate the fractional make-up of the feed stream, based on the variables supplied below.<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top" rowspan="3" | Define Method || Mass Basis || The user may enter the required aqueous species as g/100 water. <br />
|-<br />
| Concentration || The user may enter the required aqueous species as g/L of solution.<br />
|-<br />
| Saturation || NOT YET IMPLEMENTED! The user may enter the required aqueous species as % saturated.<br />
|-<br />
| KCl_Reqd || Input || The required KCl value<br />
|-<br />
| NaCl_Reqd || Input || The required NaCl value<br />
|-<br />
| MgCl2_Reqd || Input || The required MgCl2 value (if MgCl2 is in the project)<br />
|-<br />
| CaSO4_Reqd || Input || The required CaSO4 value (if CaSO4 is in the project)<br />
|-<br />
| CaCl2_Reqd || Input || The required CaCl2 value (if CaCl2 is in the project) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Potash Data ===<br />
<br />
This data will be displayed on the 'Props' tab of pipes and Contents.<br />
'''Note:''' The term 'Salts' refers to all Chloride salts, i.e. KCl, NaCl, LiCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
|Tag <nowiki> | </nowiki> Symbol || Input or Calc || Description'''<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash (Liquid Phase) Values''<br />
|-<br />
| AqSaltsQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc || The mass flow of aqueous salts in the stream.<br />
|-<br />
| AqSaltsFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of aqueous salts in the liquid.<br />
|-<br />
| AqK2OEquivQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass flow of aqueous KCl expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
| AqK2OEquivFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of aqueous KCl in the liquid, expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
| AqMgCl2EquivQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass flow of aqueous MgCl2, CaCl2 and CaSO4, expressed as MgCl2 equivalent.<br />
|-<br />
| AqMgCl2EquivFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of aqueous MgCl2, CaCl2 and CaSO4 in liquid, expressed as MgCl2 equivalent.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash (Solid Phase) Values''<br />
|-<br />
| SolSaltsQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"|Calc || The mass flow of solid, or crystal, salts in the stream.<br />
|-<br />
| SolSaltsFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of solid, or crystal, salts in the solid.<br />
|-<br />
| SolK2OEquivQm || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass flow of solid, or crystal, KCl expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
| SolK2OEquivFrac || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The mass fraction of solid, or crystal, KCl in the solid, expressed as K2O.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash Properties'' These values are calculated using the methods chosen by the user in the 'Plant Model'.<br />
|-<br />
| LRho || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The liquor density.<br />
|-<br />
| SatRho || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The density of a solution saturated in BOTH KCl and NaCl at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
| LmsCp@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Heat Capacity of the solution at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
| LmsHs@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The sensible enthalpy of the solution at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
| LViscosity || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Viscosity of the solution at the stream temperature.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash Specific Properties (Laliberte-Cooper)'' These values are calculated using the Laliberte method. They are only used in the project if the user has chosen method = Laliberte in the Plant Model. (In which case these values will be the same as the ones in the above section). These values are only displayed if the user ticks the 'Potash.showExtra' box in [[#Selecting different methods for Property Calculations|Potash Solution Property Options in the Plant Model]].<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LRho || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The liquor density at temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LmsCp@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Heat Capacity of the solution at the stream temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LmsHs@T || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The sensible enthalpy of the solution at the stream temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LmsHs@T_Low || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The sensible enthalpy of the solution at the stream temperature calculated using the low fidelity Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.LViscosity || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The Viscosity of the solution at the stream temperature using Laliberte method.<br />
|-<br />
| OutOfRange.Density || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || This will display any species in the stream that are outside of the range of the Laliberte constants for density. If all species are in range this field will be blank.<br />
|-<br />
| OutOfRange.Cp|| font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || This will display any species in the stream that are outside of the range of the Laliberte constants for Cp. If all species are in range this field will be blank.<br />
|-<br />
| OutOfRange.Viscosity|| font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || This will display any species in the stream that are outside of the range of the Laliberte constants for viscosity. If all species are in range this field will be blank.<br />
|-<br />
|font style="background: #ebebeb" colspan="3" | ''Potash Specific Properties (Fabuss-Korosi)'' The Boiling Point Elevation is calculated using the Fabuss Korosi method. This is only used in the project if the user has chosen method = Fabuss Korosi in the Plant Model. (In which case this value will be the same as the one in the above section). This value is only displayed if the user ticks the 'Potash.showExtra' box in [[#Selecting different methods for Property Calculations|Potash Solution Property Options in the Plant Model]].<br />
|-<br />
| Potash.BPE || font style="background: #ebebeb"| Calc || The liquor Boiling Point Elevation at temperature using the Fabuss Korosi method.<br />
|}</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Liquid_Properties&diff=42078Species Table - Liquid Properties2018-02-14T07:51:25Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* (Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b) */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br>Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The two fields, Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) and the Disassociation constants (Ka/b), are only relevant for liquid species and hence they will not be visible for Solid or Gas species.<br />
<br />
Both fields are optional, but will improve the quality of the solution results if they are completed.<br />
<br />
== Boiling Point Elevation ==<br />
<br />
This field is '''optional'''.<br />
<br />
The [[Boiling Point Elevation]] (BPE) is calculated for aqueous solutions using the following equation<sup>1</sup>:<br />
<br />
:<math> BPE = Kb*\sum(m*i) \,</math><br />
<br />
where<br />
: <math>Kb</math> is the Molal Boiling point elevation constant, or sometimes called the Ebullioscopic Constant.<br />
:: For water Kb = 0.512&deg;C/m<br />
: <math>m</math> is the molality of each aqueous species - moles/kg water.<br />
: <math>i</math> is the van't Hoff constant for each aqueous species.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The user may enter a van't Hoff Constant for each aqueous species in the [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Enter or Change Species data|Species Database]]. SysCAD will then use these values, together with the above equation to calculate the BPE for each stream when using the [[Standard Species Model]] and if van't Hoff is selected in [[Plant_Model_-_Species#Standard Properties Model Options|PlantModel as the BPE Method]] in a project.<br />
# The '''van't Hoff factor''' is a measure of the dissociation of the aqueous species in water. If the user cannot find a value for the van't Hoff factor in their references then the following approximations may be acceptable:<br />
#* For relatively soluble species, then the van't Hoff Factor = number of ions in the species, e.g. i(BeCl2) = 3, i(MnSO4) = 2<br />
#* For relatively insoluble species, then the van't Hoff Factor = 1, e.g. i(BaSO3) = 1<br />
<br />
See [[Boiling Point Elevation]] for a general discussion on this topic. <br />
<br />
The BPE value may then be used in vapour liquid equilibrium calculations, please see [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)]] for more information.<br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
<br />
For the following case:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" <br />
| <div style="text-align: center;">'''Species'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''Mass (kg)'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''Moles (g moles)'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''Molality'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''van't Hoff Factor (i)'''</div><br />
|-<br />
| Fe2[SO4]3(aq)|| 10 || 25.01 || 0.025 || 4.4 <br />
|- <br />
| MgSO4(aq) || 15 || 124.6 || 0.125 || 1.21 <br />
|-<br />
| NaCl(aq) || 5 || 85.55 || 0.086 || 1.68 <br />
|-<br />
| H2O(l) || 1000 || 55508 || - || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
:<math> BPE = 0.512*(0.025*4.4 + 0.125*1.21 + 0.086*1.68)</math><br />
:<math> BPE = 0.207</math>&deg;C<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br><br />
# Silderberg, M.S. “Chemistry - The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change”, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition, 2003, pp508-509.<br />
<br />
== (Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b) ==<br />
<br />
This field is '''optional'''.<br />
<br />
If the user requires a component to be included as an acid or base in the acidity, or pH, calculations, then this field must have the required acid or base dissociation constant. A number of 'standard' acids and bases are included in the default database with their associated dissociation constants. See [[ Standard Species Model#Acidity (pH) Calculations|Acidity Calculations]] for more information.<br />
<br />
The acid/base dissociation constant is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation reaction of the particular acid or base in water:<br />
<br />
For the equation <math> AB \rightleftharpoons A^+ + B^- </math>, the dissociation constant, K (Ka for acid, Kb for bases), is calculated as:<br />
<br />
:<math>K = \frac{[A ] [ B]}{[AB]} </math><br />
<br />
where [AB] = concentration of the acid/base in mol/L in water<br />
<br />
The form of the variable is:<br />
<br />
'''ACIDS:''' Ka(Ka1, Ka2, Ka3)<br />
<br />
where<br />
<br />
:Ka1 - required<br />
:Ka2 - optional (only relevant for diprotic and triprotic acids)<br />
:Ka3 - optional (only relevant for triprotic acids)<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# For Ka ≥ 10, SysCAD assumes total dissociation.<br />
# All Ka values MUST be positive values.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BASES:''' Kb(Kb1)<br />
<br />
where<br />
:Kb1 - required<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# For Kb ≥ 1, SysCAD assumes total dissociation.<br />
# Kb MUST be a positive value.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Examples: (with corresponding dissociation reactions)'''<br />
<br />
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) - Ka(6.8e-4) (a monoprotic acid) <math> (HF \rightleftharpoons H^+ + F^- )</math><br />
<br />
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) - Ka(7.2e-3, 6.3e-7, 4.2e-13) (a triprotic acid)<math> (H_3PO_4 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + H2PO4^-\rightleftharpoons H^+ + HPO4^{2-}\rightleftharpoons H^+ + PO4^{3-})</math><br />
<br />
NaOH - Kb(1) <math> (NaOH \rightleftharpoons Na^+ + OH^- )</math></div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Species_Table_-_Liquid_Properties&diff=42077Species Table - Liquid Properties2018-02-14T07:48:44Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* (Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b) */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide Sitemap 9.3|User Guide ]] -> [[Species Table 9.3]] -> Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties'''<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3|Species Table]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Thermodynamic Data|Heat of Formation <br> and Entropy]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Density|Density]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Specific Heat (Cp)|Specific Heat (Cp)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Phase Change|Phase Change <br> (solubility)]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|BPE & <br>Acid/Base Ka/b]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Vapour Properties|Vapour Properties]]<br />
!Width=150 |[[Species Table 9.3 - Viscosity|Viscosity]]<br />
|}<br />
'''Related Links:''' [[Editing User Species Database 9.3]], [[Species Properties ($SDB)]]<br />
<br />
This page is valid for SysCAD 9.3. For SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Species Table 9.2]].<br />
----<br />
<br />
= Introduction =<br />
<br />
The two fields, Boiling Point Elevation (BPE) and the Disassociation constants (Ka/b), are only relevant for liquid species and hence they will not be visible for Solid or Gas species.<br />
<br />
Both fields are optional, but will improve the quality of the solution results if they are completed.<br />
<br />
== Boiling Point Elevation ==<br />
<br />
This field is '''optional'''.<br />
<br />
The [[Boiling Point Elevation]] (BPE) is calculated for aqueous solutions using the following equation<sup>1</sup>:<br />
<br />
:<math> BPE = Kb*\sum(m*i) \,</math><br />
<br />
where<br />
: <math>Kb</math> is the Molal Boiling point elevation constant, or sometimes called the Ebullioscopic Constant.<br />
:: For water Kb = 0.512&deg;C/m<br />
: <math>m</math> is the molality of each aqueous species - moles/kg water.<br />
: <math>i</math> is the van't Hoff constant for each aqueous species.<br />
<br />
'''Notes:'''<br />
# The user may enter a van't Hoff Constant for each aqueous species in the [[Editing User Species Database 9.3#Enter or Change Species data|Species Database]]. SysCAD will then use these values, together with the above equation to calculate the BPE for each stream when using the [[Standard Species Model]] and if van't Hoff is selected in [[Plant_Model_-_Species#Standard Properties Model Options|PlantModel as the BPE Method]] in a project.<br />
# The '''van't Hoff factor''' is a measure of the dissociation of the aqueous species in water. If the user cannot find a value for the van't Hoff factor in their references then the following approximations may be acceptable:<br />
#* For relatively soluble species, then the van't Hoff Factor = number of ions in the species, e.g. i(BeCl2) = 3, i(MnSO4) = 2<br />
#* For relatively insoluble species, then the van't Hoff Factor = 1, e.g. i(BaSO3) = 1<br />
<br />
See [[Boiling Point Elevation]] for a general discussion on this topic. <br />
<br />
The BPE value may then be used in vapour liquid equilibrium calculations, please see [[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)]] for more information.<br />
<br />
'''Example'''<br />
<br />
For the following case:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" <br />
| <div style="text-align: center;">'''Species'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''Mass (kg)'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''Moles (g moles)'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''Molality'''</div>||<div style="text-align: center;">'''van't Hoff Factor (i)'''</div><br />
|-<br />
| Fe2[SO4]3(aq)|| 10 || 25.01 || 0.025 || 4.4 <br />
|- <br />
| MgSO4(aq) || 15 || 124.6 || 0.125 || 1.21 <br />
|-<br />
| NaCl(aq) || 5 || 85.55 || 0.086 || 1.68 <br />
|-<br />
| H2O(l) || 1000 || 55508 || - || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
:<math> BPE = 0.512*(0.025*4.4 + 0.125*1.21 + 0.086*1.68)</math><br />
:<math> BPE = 0.207</math>&deg;C<br />
<br />
'''Reference'''<br><br />
# Silderberg, M.S. “Chemistry - The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change”, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition, 2003, pp508-509.<br />
<br />
== (Acid / Base) Dissociation (Ka/b) ==<br />
<br />
This field is '''optional'''.<br />
<br />
If the user requires a component to be included as an acid or base in the acidity, or pH, calculations, then this field must have the required acid or base dissociation constant. A number of 'standard' acids and bases are included in the default database with their associated dissociation constants. See [[ Standard Species Model#Acidity (pH) Calculations|Acidity Calculations]] for more information.<br />
<br />
The acid/base dissociation constant is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation reaction of the particular acid or base in water:<br />
<br />
For the equation <math> AB \rightleftharpoons A^+ + B^- </math>, the dissociation constant, K (Ka for acid, Kb for bases), is calculated as:<br />
<br />
:<math>K = \frac{[A ] [ B]}{[AB]} </math><br />
<br />
where [AB] = concentration of the acid/base in mol/L in water<br />
<br />
The form of the variable is:<br />
<br />
'''Acids:''' Ka(Ka1, Ka2, Ka3)<br />
<br />
where<br />
<br />
:Ka1 - required<br />
:Ka2 - optional (only relevant for diprotic and triprotic acids)<br />
:Ka3 - optional (only relevant for triprotic acids)<br />
<br />
'''NOTES:'''<br />
# For Ka ≥ 10, SysCAD assumes total dissociation.<br />
# All Ka values MUST be positive values.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Bases:''' Kb(Kb1)<br />
<br />
where<br />
:Kb1 - required<br />
<br />
'''NOTES:'''<br />
# For Kb ≥ 1, SysCAD assumes total dissociation.<br />
# Kb MUST be a positive value.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Examples: (with corresponding dissociation reactions)'''<br />
<br />
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) - Ka(6.8e-4) (a monoprotic acid) <math> (HF \rightleftharpoons H^+ + F^- )</math><br />
<br />
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) - Ka(7.2e-3, 6.3e-7, 4.2e-13) (a triprotic acid)<math> (H_3PO_4 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + H2PO4^-\rightleftharpoons H^+ + HPO4^{2-}\rightleftharpoons H^+ + PO4^{3-})</math><br />
<br />
NaOH - Kb(1) <math> (NaOH \rightleftharpoons Na^+ + OH^- )</math></div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Boiling_Point_Elevation&diff=42036Boiling Point Elevation2018-01-29T07:50:08Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Implementation in SysCAD */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> Boiling Point Elevation'''<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
The Boiling Point Elevation, BPE, of a liquid solution at the stream pressure is the difference between the temperature at which the liquor will boil and the temperature at which water would boil at the same pressure. The magnitude of the BPE is proportional to the number of solute particles in the liquor - i.e. this is a ''Colligative'' property.<br />
<br />
SysCAD allows a number of different methods of calculating BPE:<br />
* None - the boiling point of a liquor stream will be equal to the boiling point of saturated water;<br />
* van't Hoff - this uses the van't Hoff constants and the molality of the ionic species to calculate the BPE. This is described in [[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties|Boiling Point Elevation]].<br />
* Bayer Species Model - The implementation of a generic Bayer species model in SysCAD using the [[Alumina 3 Bayer Species Model#Boiling Point Elevation|Boiling Point Elevation Calculations]] shown.<br />
* Client Species Models - clients may use their own specific BPE equations in their implemented Species Models.<br />
<br />
[[Boiling Point Elevation Discussion]] contains further information regarding this topic. <br />
<br />
== Implementation in SysCAD ==<br />
<br />
* '''[[Species Table 9.3 - Liquid Properties#Boiling Point Elevation|Entering BPE Data in the Species Properties Database]]''' - A description of the van't Hoff constants that can be entered in the Species Properties Database. These will be used with the Standard Species Model. This also describes the methodology used to calculate the BPE using the van't Hoff constants.<br />
*:<br />
* '''[[Plant_Model_-_Species#Standard Properties Model Options|Choosing the Default BPE Method to be active in a Project]]''' - On the Species page in Plant Model (''View - Plant Model - Species Tab'') the user may make the following adjustments to the BPE method used throughout a project by the [[Standard Species Model]]:<br />
*# Set the default BPE method;<br />
*# Disable the BPE functionality;<br />
*# Set the BPE lower and upper limits.<br />
*:<br />
* '''[[Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)#Requirements|Choosing BPE Method in a single Unit with VLE]]''' - The BPE method can be changed in any Individual unit with VLE enabled by selecting the required method on the VLE page. This will override the project default method in the selected unit. In addition, the user may scale the calculated BPE value, and add an offset, if required.<br />
*:<br />
* '''[[Material Flow Section#Saturation Values|BPE in Units and Pipes]]''' - This describes the information shown in the access window of pipes, tanks, etc.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Audit&diff=41962Audit2018-01-15T04:24:47Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Audit Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Common Sections|Common Sections]]'''<br />
<br />
The details and values on the Audit tab page are only created after the SysCAD Solver has been started. It displays a summary of information required for mass and energy balance around the unit operation. This functionality can be enabled or disabled using the option "PlantModel.Audit.Action" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]. If this is not required then this can be switched off which will provide a small improvement on solver speed.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Audit Summary ==<br />
<br />
Next to each of the following fields there will be up to five columns. The columns are:<br />
# Qm: The total mass flow in the current iteration.<br />
# Mt: Total accumulated mass since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# Hf: The Total Enthalpy of all species in the current iteration.<br />
# TotalHf: Total accumulated Enthalpy since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# AuditSp: This column is only visible if the Audit level chosen is '''Species''' (see "PlantModel.Audit.Level" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]). If the tick box is selected, then that field will appear as an additional column in the [[#Species Flows|Species Flows Table]] on the [[#AuditSp|AuditSp]] page. The result will then be shown for each species.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|- <br />
! '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --In--<br />
|-<br />
| Sources (Sr) || Material/energy which has been added via a reaction source, or if the unit is a Feeder then this is the amount of material delivered by the Feeder. (Note, a Feeder is a true source of material to the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups (Mu) || Material/energy which has been added via a [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Block]].<br />
|-<br />
| Links.In (Li) || Material/energy which has entered the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.In (Ki) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.In (Oi) || Energy added such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Out--<br />
|-<br />
| Sinks (Sn) || Material/energy which has been removed via a reaction sink, or if the unit is a Sink then this is the amount of material removed via the Sink. (Note, a Sink is a true sink of material from the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Spills (Sp) || Material/energy which has been spilt. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Vents (Vn) || Material/energy which has been vented. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Links.Out (Lo) || Material which has left the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.Out (Ko) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.Out (Oo) || Energy removed externally such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Audit--<br />
|-<br />
| Total.In (I=Sr+Mu+Li+Ki+Oi) || The Total of all inputs = Sources (Sr) + Makeups (Mu) + Links In (Li) + Leaks In (Ki) + Other In (Oi)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Out (O=Sn+Sp+Vn+Lo+Ko+Oo) || The Total of all outputs = Sinks (Sn) + Spills (Sp) + Vents (Vn) + Links Out (Lo) + Leaks Out (Ko) + Other Out (Oo)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Nett (O+Ad-I) || Total.In - Total.Out<br />
|-<br />
| Accumulation (Ac)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Depletion (Dp)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Error ((O+Dp+Ad)-I-Ac)|| The absolute error. For a ProBal project, this will the same as Total.Nett. For a dynamic project this will be Total.In - Total.Out + Depletion - Accumulation<br />
|-<br />
| Error.Rel || This is the relative error.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Audit Details Table ==<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
!Width=200| '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Details''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Details...'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" |Copy to Clipboard Options: '''Note:''' Before pasting copied data onto MS Excel, please ensure 'R1C1 reference Style' is checked in Options -- General. <br>'''Note Also:''' This block copy includes a default SysCAD report, so once the tags are pasted (to set up the report in Excel), you can refresh the table by running a SysCAD value report in the normal manner.<br />
|-<br />
| CopySimple || This button will copy onto the clipboard a simple version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation where a single table will be presented regardless of the number of nodes present. <br />
|- <br />
| CopyFull || This button will copy onto the clipboard a full version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.In (M1)|| Mass flow in<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain (M2)|| Mass added by the Model<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain.RCT (M3)|| Mass added/removed by a Reaction Block using Sources or Sinks.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Out (M4)|| Mass flow out<br />
|- <br />
| FeedCp@T || Heat Capacity at Feed (Entry) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| ProdCp@T || Heat Capacity at Product (Exit) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.In (H1)|| Total Heat flowing in (Sensible + Heat of formation)<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain || Total Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain.RCT || Total Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Out (H2)|| Total Heat flowing out<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | TotalHeat.Change (H3=H2-H1)|| Total Heat Change. This will normally be zero if:<br>1. There is no energy loss to the environment;<br>2. No reactions have Heat of Reaction (HoR) override; or<br>3. There are no Sources or Sinks in the Reaction Block.<br>If any of the above scenarios are true, then this value will not be zero.<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn || Heat flow from External Heat Source<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block <br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SrcCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sources<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SnkCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sinks<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.EHX || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Environmental Heat Exchange sub-model<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.In (S1)|| Sensible Heat flowing in<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain.RCT || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Out (S2) || Sensible Heat flowing out<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Change (S3=S1-S2) || Sensible Heat Change<br />
|- <br />
| VLE.HfChange@0 || Sensible Heat Change due to Phase changes in VLE block<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Std@0 || HOR @ 0&deg;C calculated by the 'Standard' Species Model (relies on SDB). This includes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Mdl@0 (R1) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure, calculated by the 'Current Species Model' (may rely on SDB)<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@0 (R2) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure actually used. This will be different to the above terms if a HOR override has been used. This excludes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.HtDil@0 (R3) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for heat of dilution<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Work@0 (R4) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for work done to compress/expand gases<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Diff@0 (R5=(R2+R3+R4)-R1)|| HOR Difference @ 0&deg;C. This will be non-zero if a HOR override has been used.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@Ref|| HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa.<br />
|- <br />
| HOD.(Compound)@0.Nett|| Heat of Dilution due to compound @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa. This is for the change in concentration for the common flow between the input and output streams (ie minimum flowrate of inputs sum and outputs sum).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== AuditSp ==<br />
<br />
This page is only visible if species audit is chosen.<br />
<br />
=== Species Flows ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Flows''<br />
|-<br />
| Basis || colspan="4"|(1) All (2) Individual Phase. This will only change the display order if additional phases are present.<br />
|- <br />
! '''SpeciesFlow''' || '''Total.In''' || '''Total.Out''' || '''Total.Nett''' || Width=400|Additional columns will be displayed here based on what is selected in the [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] - Specie.Audit Column <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total In for Species x || Total Out for Species x || Difference of Species x in - out || Additional fields please refer to [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] for details.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Species Content ===<br />
<br />
This table is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="4" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Content''<br />
|-<br />
! '''SpeciesContent''' || '''Accumulation''' || '''Depletion''' || '''Content''' <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total of Species x Accumulated in the content since start of Run|| Total of Species x depleted from the content since start of Run|| Species x in the content. <br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Audit&diff=41961Audit2018-01-15T04:23:47Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Audit Details Table */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Common Sections|Common Sections]]'''<br />
<br />
The details and values on the Audit tab page are only created after the SysCAD Solver has been started. It displays a summary of information required for mass and energy balance around the unit operation. This functionality can be enabled or disabled using the option "PlantModel.Audit.Action" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]. If this is not required then this can be switched off which will provide a small improvement on solver speed.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Audit Summary ==<br />
<br />
Next to each of the following fields there will be up to five columns. The columns are:<br />
# Qm: The total mass flow in the current iteration.<br />
# Mt: Total accumulated mass since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# Hf: The Total Enthalpy of all species in the current iteration.<br />
# TotalHf: Total accumulated Enthalpy since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# AuditSp: This column is only visible if the Audit level chosen is '''Species''' (see "PlantModel.Audit.Level" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]). If the tick box is selected, then that field will appear as an additional column in the [[#Species Flows|Species Flows Table]] on the [[#AuditSp|AuditSp]] page. The result will then be shown for each species.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|- <br />
! '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --In--<br />
|-<br />
| Sources (Sr) || Material/energy which has been added via a reaction source, or if the unit is a Feeder then this is the amount of material delivered by the Feeder. (Note, a Feeder is a true source of material to the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups (Mu) || Material/energy which has been added via a [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Block]].<br />
|-<br />
| Links.In (Li) || Material/energy which has entered the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.In (Ki) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.In (Oi) || Energy added such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Out--<br />
|-<br />
| Sinks (Sn) || Material/energy which has been removed via a reaction sink, or if the unit is a Sink then this is the amount of material removed via the Sink. (Note, a Sink is a true sink of material from the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Spills (Sp) || Material/energy which has been spilt. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Vents (Vn) || Material/energy which has been vented. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Links.Out (Lo) || Material which has left the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.Out (Ko) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.Out (Oo) || Energy removed externally such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Audit--<br />
|-<br />
| Total.In (I=Sr+Mu+Li+Ki+Oi) || The Total of all inputs = Sources (Sr) + Makeups (Mu) + Links In (Li) + Leaks In (Ki) + Other In (Oi)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Out (O=Sn+Sp+Vn+Lo+Ko+Oo) || The Total of all outputs = Sinks (Sn) + Spills (Sp) + Vents (Vn) + Links Out (Lo) + Leaks Out (Ko) + Other Out (Oo)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Adjust (Ad) || This is the energy correction term for Heat of Reaction (HoR) is overrides in a Reaction Block.<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Nett (O+Ad-I) || Total.In - Total.Out<br />
|-<br />
| Accumulation (Ac)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Depletion (Dp)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Error ((O+Dp+Ad)-I-Ac)|| The absolute error. For a ProBal project, this will the same as Total.Nett. For a dynamic project this will be Total.In - Total.Out + Depletion - Accumulation<br />
|-<br />
| Error.Rel || This is the relative error.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Audit Details Table ==<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
!Width=200| '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Details''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Details...'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" |Copy to Clipboard Options: '''Note:''' Before pasting copied data onto MS Excel, please ensure 'R1C1 reference Style' is checked in Options -- General. <br>'''Note Also:''' This block copy includes a default SysCAD report, so once the tags are pasted (to set up the report in Excel), you can refresh the table by running a SysCAD value report in the normal manner.<br />
|-<br />
| CopySimple || This button will copy onto the clipboard a simple version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation where a single table will be presented regardless of the number of nodes present. <br />
|- <br />
| CopyFull || This button will copy onto the clipboard a full version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.In (M1)|| Mass flow in<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain (M2)|| Mass added by the Model<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain.RCT (M3)|| Mass added/removed by a Reaction Block using Sources or Sinks.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Out (M4)|| Mass flow out<br />
|- <br />
| FeedCp@T || Heat Capacity at Feed (Entry) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| ProdCp@T || Heat Capacity at Product (Exit) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.In (H1)|| Total Heat flowing in (Sensible + Heat of formation)<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain || Total Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain.RCT || Total Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Out (H2)|| Total Heat flowing out<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | TotalHeat.Change (H3=H2-H1)|| Total Heat Change. This will normally be zero if:<br>1. There is no energy loss to the environment;<br>2. No reactions have Heat of Reaction (HoR) override; or<br>3. There are no Sources or Sinks in the Reaction Block.<br>If any of the above scenarios are true, then this value will not be zero.<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn || Heat flow from External Heat Source<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block <br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SrcCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sources<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SnkCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sinks<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.EHX || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Environmental Heat Exchange sub-model<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.In (S1)|| Sensible Heat flowing in<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain.RCT || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Out (S2) || Sensible Heat flowing out<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Change (S3=S1-S2) || Sensible Heat Change<br />
|- <br />
| VLE.HfChange@0 || Sensible Heat Change due to Phase changes in VLE block<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Std@0 || HOR @ 0&deg;C calculated by the 'Standard' Species Model (relies on SDB). This includes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Mdl@0 (R1) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure, calculated by the 'Current Species Model' (may rely on SDB)<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@0 (R2) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure actually used. This will be different to the above terms if a HOR override has been used. This excludes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.HtDil@0 (R3) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for heat of dilution<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Work@0 (R4) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for work done to compress/expand gases<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Diff@0 (R5=(R2+R3+R4)-R1)|| HOR Difference @ 0&deg;C. This will be non-zero if a HOR override has been used.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@Ref|| HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa.<br />
|- <br />
| HOD.(Compound)@0.Nett|| Heat of Dilution due to compound @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa. This is for the change in concentration for the common flow between the input and output streams (ie minimum flowrate of inputs sum and outputs sum).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== AuditSp ==<br />
<br />
This page is only visible if species audit is chosen.<br />
<br />
=== Species Flows ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Flows''<br />
|-<br />
| Basis || colspan="4"|(1) All (2) Individual Phase. This will only change the display order if additional phases are present.<br />
|- <br />
! '''SpeciesFlow''' || '''Total.In''' || '''Total.Out''' || '''Total.Nett''' || Width=400|Additional columns will be displayed here based on what is selected in the [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] - Specie.Audit Column <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total In for Species x || Total Out for Species x || Difference of Species x in - out || Additional fields please refer to [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] for details.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Species Content ===<br />
<br />
This table is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="4" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Content''<br />
|-<br />
! '''SpeciesContent''' || '''Accumulation''' || '''Depletion''' || '''Content''' <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total of Species x Accumulated in the content since start of Run|| Total of Species x depleted from the content since start of Run|| Species x in the content. <br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Audit&diff=41960Audit2018-01-15T00:57:17Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Audit Details Table */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Common Sections|Common Sections]]'''<br />
<br />
The details and values on the Audit tab page are only created after the SysCAD Solver has been started. It displays a summary of information required for mass and energy balance around the unit operation. This functionality can be enabled or disabled using the option "PlantModel.Audit.Action" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]. If this is not required then this can be switched off which will provide a small improvement on solver speed.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Audit Summary ==<br />
<br />
Next to each of the following fields there will be up to five columns. The columns are:<br />
# Qm: The total mass flow in the current iteration.<br />
# Mt: Total accumulated mass since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# Hf: The Total Enthalpy of all species in the current iteration.<br />
# TotalHf: Total accumulated Enthalpy since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# AuditSp: This column is only visible if the Audit level chosen is '''Species''' (see "PlantModel.Audit.Level" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]). If the tick box is selected, then that field will appear as an additional column in the [[#Species Flows|Species Flows Table]] on the [[#AuditSp|AuditSp]] page. The result will then be shown for each species.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|- <br />
! '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --In--<br />
|-<br />
| Sources (Sr) || Material/energy which has been added via a reaction source, or if the unit is a Feeder then this is the amount of material delivered by the Feeder. (Note, a Feeder is a true source of material to the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups (Mu) || Material/energy which has been added via a [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Block]].<br />
|-<br />
| Links.In (Li) || Material/energy which has entered the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.In (Ki) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.In (Oi) || Energy added such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Out--<br />
|-<br />
| Sinks (Sn) || Material/energy which has been removed via a reaction sink, or if the unit is a Sink then this is the amount of material removed via the Sink. (Note, a Sink is a true sink of material from the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Spills (Sp) || Material/energy which has been spilt. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Vents (Vn) || Material/energy which has been vented. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Links.Out (Lo) || Material which has left the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.Out (Ko) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.Out (Oo) || Energy removed externally such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Audit--<br />
|-<br />
| Total.In (I=Sr+Mu+Li+Ki+Oi) || The Total of all inputs = Sources (Sr) + Makeups (Mu) + Links In (Li) + Leaks In (Ki) + Other In (Oi)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Out (O=Sn+Sp+Vn+Lo+Ko+Oo) || The Total of all outputs = Sinks (Sn) + Spills (Sp) + Vents (Vn) + Links Out (Lo) + Leaks Out (Ko) + Other Out (Oo)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Adjust (Ad) || This is the energy correction term for Heat of Reaction (HoR) is overrides in a Reaction Block.<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Nett (O+Ad-I) || Total.In - Total.Out<br />
|-<br />
| Accumulation (Ac)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Depletion (Dp)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Error ((O+Dp+Ad)-I-Ac)|| The absolute error. For a ProBal project, this will the same as Total.Nett. For a dynamic project this will be Total.In - Total.Out + Depletion - Accumulation<br />
|-<br />
| Error.Rel || This is the relative error.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Audit Details Table ==<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
!Width=200| '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Details''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Details...'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" |Copy to Clipboard Options: '''Note:''' Before pasting copied data onto MS Excel, please ensure 'R1C1 reference Style' is checked in Options -- General. <br>'''Note Also:''' This block copy includes a default SysCAD report, so once the tags are pasted (to set up the report in Excel), you can refresh the table by running a SysCAD value report in the normal manner.<br />
|-<br />
| CopySimple || This button will copy onto the clipboard a simple version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation where a single table will be presented regardless of the number of nodes present. <br />
|- <br />
| CopyFull || This button will copy onto the clipboard a full version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.In (M1)|| Mass flow in<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain (M2)|| Mass added by the Model<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain.RCT (M3)|| Mass added/removed by a Reaction Block using Sources or Sinks.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Out (M4)|| Mass flow out<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Correct.In || <br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Correct.Out || <br />
|- <br />
| FeedCp@T || Heat Capacity at Feed (Entry) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| ProdCp@T || Heat Capacity at Product (Exit) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.In (H1)|| Total Heat flowing in (Sensible + Heat of formation)<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain || Total Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain.RCT || Total Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Out (H2)|| Total Heat flowing out<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | TotalHeat.Change (H3=H2-H1)|| Total Heat Change. This will normally be zero if:<br>1. There is no energy loss to the environment;<br>2. No reactions have Heat of Reaction (HoR) override; or<br>3. There are no Sources or Sinks in the Reaction Block.<br>If any of the above scenarios are true, then this value will not be zero.<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Correct.In || <br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Correct.Out || <br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn || Heat flow from External Heat Source<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block <br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SrcCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sources<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SnkCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sinks<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.EHX || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Environmental Heat Exchange sub-model<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.In (S1)|| Sensible Heat flowing in<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain.RCT || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Out (S2) || Sensible Heat flowing out<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Change (S3=S1-S2) || Sensible Heat Change<br />
|- <br />
| VLE.HfChange@0 || Sensible Heat Change due to Phase changes in VLE block<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Std@0 || HOR @ 0&deg;C calculated by the 'Standard' Species Model (relies on SDB). This includes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Mdl@0 (R1) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure, calculated by the 'Current Species Model' (may rely on SDB)<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@0 (R2) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure actually used. This will be different to the above terms if a HOR override has been used. This excludes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.HtDil@0 (R3) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for heat of dilution<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Work@0 (R4) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for work done to compress/expand gases<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Diff@0 (R5=(R2+R3+R4)-R1)|| HOR Difference @ 0&deg;C. This will be non-zero if a HOR override has been used.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@Ref|| HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa.<br />
|- <br />
| HOD.(Compound)@0.Nett|| Heat of Dilution due to compound @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa. This is for the change in concentration for the common flow between the input and output streams (ie minimum flowrate of inputs sum and outputs sum).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== AuditSp ==<br />
<br />
This page is only visible if species audit is chosen.<br />
<br />
=== Species Flows ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Flows''<br />
|-<br />
| Basis || colspan="4"|(1) All (2) Individual Phase. This will only change the display order if additional phases are present.<br />
|- <br />
! '''SpeciesFlow''' || '''Total.In''' || '''Total.Out''' || '''Total.Nett''' || Width=400|Additional columns will be displayed here based on what is selected in the [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] - Specie.Audit Column <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total In for Species x || Total Out for Species x || Difference of Species x in - out || Additional fields please refer to [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] for details.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Species Content ===<br />
<br />
This table is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="4" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Content''<br />
|-<br />
! '''SpeciesContent''' || '''Accumulation''' || '''Depletion''' || '''Content''' <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total of Species x Accumulated in the content since start of Run|| Total of Species x depleted from the content since start of Run|| Species x in the content. <br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Audit&diff=41959Audit2018-01-15T00:54:35Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Audit Details Table */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[Main Page]] -> [[Models]] -> [[Models#Common Sections|Common Sections]]'''<br />
<br />
The details and values on the Audit tab page are only created after the SysCAD Solver has been started. It displays a summary of information required for mass and energy balance around the unit operation. This functionality can be enabled or disabled using the option "PlantModel.Audit.Action" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]. If this is not required then this can be switched off which will provide a small improvement on solver speed.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Audit Summary ==<br />
<br />
Next to each of the following fields there will be up to five columns. The columns are:<br />
# Qm: The total mass flow in the current iteration.<br />
# Mt: Total accumulated mass since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# Hf: The Total Enthalpy of all species in the current iteration.<br />
# TotalHf: Total accumulated Enthalpy since the project was last restarted, only visible in a Dynamic project.<br />
# AuditSp: This column is only visible if the Audit level chosen is '''Species''' (see "PlantModel.Audit.Level" on the [[Plant_Model - Settings|Settings Tab Page]] of the [[Plant Model]]). If the tick box is selected, then that field will appear as an additional column in the [[#Species Flows|Species Flows Table]] on the [[#AuditSp|AuditSp]] page. The result will then be shown for each species.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"<br />
|- <br />
! '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --In--<br />
|-<br />
| Sources (Sr) || Material/energy which has been added via a reaction source, or if the unit is a Feeder then this is the amount of material delivered by the Feeder. (Note, a Feeder is a true source of material to the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Makeups (Mu) || Material/energy which has been added via a [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Block]].<br />
|-<br />
| Links.In (Li) || Material/energy which has entered the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.In (Ki) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.In (Oi) || Energy added such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Out--<br />
|-<br />
| Sinks (Sn) || Material/energy which has been removed via a reaction sink, or if the unit is a Sink then this is the amount of material removed via the Sink. (Note, a Sink is a true sink of material from the project, unlike a cross page connector which moves material from one flowsheet to another.)<br />
|-<br />
| Spills (Sp) || Material/energy which has been spilt. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Vents (Vn) || Material/energy which has been vented. This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Links.Out (Lo) || Material which has left the unit via a link (pipe).<br />
|-<br />
| Leaks.Out (Ko) || This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Other.Out (Oo) || Energy removed externally such as from an EHX block or Heat Exchange option in a Reaction Block.<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="3" font style="background: #ebebeb" | --Audit--<br />
|-<br />
| Total.In (I=Sr+Mu+Li+Ki+Oi) || The Total of all inputs = Sources (Sr) + Makeups (Mu) + Links In (Li) + Leaks In (Ki) + Other In (Oi)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Out (O=Sn+Sp+Vn+Lo+Ko+Oo) || The Total of all outputs = Sinks (Sn) + Spills (Sp) + Vents (Vn) + Links Out (Lo) + Leaks Out (Ko) + Other Out (Oo)<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Adjust (Ad) || This is the energy correction term for Heat of Reaction (HoR) is overrides in a Reaction Block.<br />
|-<br />
| Total.Nett (O+Ad-I) || Total.In - Total.Out<br />
|-<br />
| Accumulation (Ac)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Depletion (Dp)|| This is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
|-<br />
| Error ((O+Dp+Ad)-I-Ac)|| The absolute error. For a ProBal project, this will the same as Total.Nett. For a dynamic project this will be Total.In - Total.Out + Depletion - Accumulation<br />
|-<br />
| Error.Rel || This is the relative error.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Audit Details Table ==<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
!Width=200| '''Tag / Symbol''' || '''Description'''<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Details''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" | '''Details...'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" font style="background: #ebebeb" |Copy to Clipboard Options: '''Note:''' Before pasting copied data onto MS Excel, please ensure 'R1C1 reference Style' is checked in Options -- General. <br>'''Note Also:''' This block copy includes a default SysCAD report, so once the tags are pasted (to set up the report in Excel), you can refresh the table by running a SysCAD value report in the normal manner.<br />
|-<br />
| CopySimple || This button will copy onto the clipboard a simple version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation where a single table will be presented regardless of the number of nodes present. <br />
|- <br />
| CopyFull || This button will copy onto the clipboard a full version of the mass and energy balance around the unit operation.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.In (M1)|| Mass flow in<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain (M2)|| Mass added by the Model<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Gain.RCT (M3)|| Mass added/removed by a Reaction Block using Sources or Sinks.<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Out (M4)|| Mass flow out<br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Correct.In || <br />
|- <br />
| Mass.Correct.Out || <br />
|- <br />
| FeedCp@T || Heat Capacity at Feed (Entry) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| ProdCp@T || Heat Capacity at Product (Exit) Conditions.<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.In (H1)|| Total Heat flowing in (Sensible + Heat of formation)<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain || Total Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Gain.RCT || Total Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Out (H2)|| Total Heat flowing out<br />
|-<br />
| TotalHeat.Change (H3=H2-H1)|| Total Heat Change. This will normally be zero if:<br>There is no energy loss to the environment;<br>No reactions have Heat of Reaction (HoR) override; or<br>There are no Sources or Sinks in the Reaction Block.<br>If any of the above scenarios are true, then this value will not be zero.<br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Correct.In || <br />
|- <br />
| TotalHeat.Correct.Out || <br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn || Heat flow from External Heat Source<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block <br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SrcCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sources<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.RCT.SnkCorr || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Reaction Block due to Sinks<br />
|- <br />
| PowerIn.EHX || Heat flow from External Heat Source in Environmental Heat Exchange sub-model<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.In (S1)|| Sensible Heat flowing in<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Gain.RCT || Sensible Heat associated with MassGain.RCT<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Out (S2) || Sensible Heat flowing out<br />
|- <br />
| SensibleHeat.Change (S3=S1-S2) || Sensible Heat Change<br />
|- <br />
| VLE.HfChange@0 || Sensible Heat Change due to Phase changes in VLE block<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Std@0 || HOR @ 0&deg;C calculated by the 'Standard' Species Model (relies on SDB). This includes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Mdl@0 (R1) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure, calculated by the 'Current Species Model' (may rely on SDB)<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@0 (R2) || HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reaction pressure actually used. This will be different to the above terms if a HOR override has been used. This excludes the heat of dilution term.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.HtDil@0 (R3) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for heat of dilution<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Work@0 (R4) || HOR @ 0&deg;C for work done to compress/expand gases<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Diff@0 (R5=(R2+R3+R4)-R1)|| HOR Difference @ 0&deg;C. This will be non-zero if a HOR override has been used.<br />
|- <br />
| HOR.Used@Ref|| HOR @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa.<br />
|- <br />
| HOD.(Compound)@0.Nett|| Heat of Dilution due to compound @ 0&deg;C and Reference pressure of 101.325kPa. This is for the change in concentration for the common flow between the input and output streams (ie minimum flowrate of inputs sum and outputs sum).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== AuditSp ==<br />
<br />
This page is only visible if species audit is chosen.<br />
<br />
=== Species Flows ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="5" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Flows''<br />
|-<br />
| Basis || colspan="4"|(1) All (2) Individual Phase. This will only change the display order if additional phases are present.<br />
|- <br />
! '''SpeciesFlow''' || '''Total.In''' || '''Total.Out''' || '''Total.Nett''' || Width=400|Additional columns will be displayed here based on what is selected in the [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] - Specie.Audit Column <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total In for Species x || Total Out for Species x || Difference of Species x in - out || Additional fields please refer to [[#Audit_Summary|Audit Summary Table]] for details.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Species Content ===<br />
<br />
This table is only visible in a dynamic project.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|- <br />
| colspan="4" font style="background: #ebebeb" | ''Audit Species Content''<br />
|-<br />
! '''SpeciesContent''' || '''Accumulation''' || '''Depletion''' || '''Content''' <br />
|-<br />
| Species x || Total of Species x Accumulated in the content since start of Run|| Total of Species x depleted from the content since start of Run|| Species x in the content. <br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Build_137_Release_Notes&diff=41023Build 137 Release Notes2017-10-26T10:27:33Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Build 137 Changes that may affect results or project upgrade */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
* '''Build 137''' general release was October 2017, but was used selectively from June 2017. Build 137 is the second major release for SysCAD 9.3.<br />
* See [[Revision History]] for a full list of improvements and fixes after the first release of Build 137.<br />
* See [[Upgrading Builds]] for a detailed recommended procedure for upgrading projects between Builds for the same version.<br />
<br />
= What's New and Changed =<br />
<br />
= New Models =<br />
<br />
=== [[Slew Rate Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Slew Rate Controller]] is used to gradually change a process variable to a setpoint. It can be used in both steady-state and dynamic simulations for the purpose of making gradual changes. It has a number of methods available to make the gradual change including fixed rates and first order response.<br />
<br />
=== [[Pressure Exchanger]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Pressure Exchanger]] unit model can be used to model energy recovery devices such as those used in reverse osmosis plants to recover energy from high pressure brine streams.<br />
<br />
The unit has two feeds, a low pressure feed and a high pressure feed. The pressure energy in the high pressure feed is transferred to the low pressure stream, thus acting like a pump for the low pressure stream, increasing its pressure.<br />
<br />
The model can be used to model a wide variety of physical devices such as a Pelton wheel, a Francis turbine, a reverse pump, a Turbocharger and a PX.<br />
<br />
The model includes a leakage parameter to allow for modelling of devices where some mixing can occur.<br />
<br />
The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic to set the flow on the low pressure side.<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Condenser]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Simple Condenser]] is a generic "heat exchanger" model without regards to its cooling media or equipment size. It is designed to give estimates of Duty required to cool the feed to the saturation temperature and condense all of the chosen species.<br />
<br />
The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic, including as part of a [[Flash Train]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Evaporator]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Simple Evaporator]] is a generic "heat exchanger" model without regards to its heating media or equipment size. It is designed to give estimates of the Duty required to evaporate a required amount of material. Only a single component can be evaporated such as H2O(l) or NH3(aq).<br />
<br />
=== [[Direct Contact Heater 2]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Direct Contact Heater 2]] is used to transfer energy from a stream containing live steam to a liquid or slurry stream. It has additional options and improved functionality compared to the original [[Direct Contact Heater]] model. The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic, including as part of a [[Flash Train]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Thermocompressor]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Thermocompressor]] is a form of steam ejector in which a flow of higher pressure primary steam is used to entrain lower pressure secondary steam. The discharge stream is at an intermediate pressure between the high and low pressure steam flows. This potentially enables recovery of some of the energy in the low grade steam.<br />
<br />
= Model Improvements =<br />
<br />
=== New [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Block]] Modes ===<br />
<br />
*New makeup modes have been added to the Makeup Block:<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product Density Model|Product Density]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified product density.<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product pH.negLogH Model|pH]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified product pH. Please note that the pH calculated in SysCAD is an estimate.<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product_User_Calc_Model|User Calculation]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected [[Calculation_Configuration#User_Property_Calculations | User Calculation]].<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product_SpCalc_Model|Species Calculation]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected [[Calculation_Configuration#Species_Calculations|Species Calculation]].<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product SpModel Property Model|Species Model Property]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected Species Model and Property.<br />
*Improved method of selecting [[Makeup Source]] and error reporting when Makeup Source is not specified or found.<br />
<br />
=== New VLEquilibrium Options in [[Feeder-Cross Page Connector|Feeder]] ===<br />
<br />
Two new VLEquilibrium options have been added to the [[Feeder-Cross Page Connector|Feeder]] and [[Makeup Source]] models:<br />
* '''SuperHeat_Vap(dT,P)''' - allows the user to specify the pressure and degrees of superheat for a superheated vapour stream.<br />
* '''SubCooled_Liq(dT,P)''' - allows the user to specify the pressure and degrees of subcooling for a subcooled liquid stream.<br />
<br />
Refer to [[Feeder-Cross_Page_Connector#Temperature_.26_Pressure_Requirements|Feeder model - Temperature & Pressure Requirements]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== PSD Interpolation Methods ===<br />
<br />
There are now several options for the interpolation method to be used when performing [[Size_Distribution_(PSD)#Size_Measurements_Data_Sections_(MSz_Tab)|size distribution]] calculations such as P80, including Linear, TSpline and LogLog. These are defined in the [[Size Configuration#Size Distribution|configuration file]] for each Size Distribution. They are also shown on the [[Plant Model - Qualities#SzDist (PSD) Quality Configuration|Plant Model - Qualities Tab]].<br />
<br />
=== Tank (Dynamic) ===<br />
<br />
* '''New Content EHX''' - An [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]] sub-model can be enabled on the content of a [[Tank - Dynamic Mode|Dynamic Tank]]. Methods available in a CEHX include Product Temperature, Loss to Ambient (types 2 and 3) and Fixed Heat Flow. Please refer to [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]] for more information.<br />
* '''New Static Head Pressure''' - The static head (height of material above the outlet) and static head pressure are now shown on the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode#Connect Tab Page|Connect page]] of the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode|Dynamic Tank]]. There is also an option on the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode#Settings Tab Page|Settings page]] for this pressure to be added to the tank pressure when determining the outlet pressure.<br />
<br />
=== Random Number Generators ===<br />
<br />
The [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]] model has additional random number generator methods available including Binomial, Geometric, Exponential and LogNormal.<br />
<br />
=== [[PID Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
* The Output Value can now be set by the user when the model is stopped. Ideal for setting initial values when in Auto mode.<br />
* The user may enter a description of the PID controller as text. This field is handled by SysCAD like a normal tag, therefore it can be reported and set via Excel.<br />
* New result fields Index and CfgState for improved reporting<br />
Please refer to [[PID Controller#P1: Individual PID Data Fields|PID Controller - Data Sections - Individual]] for more details.<br />
<br />
=== [[General Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
* New UnitTags Find button on the TagRefs tab page to open the Find dialog with all the referenced unit models selected.<br />
* Various improvements to PGM load, error reporting, PGM Classes and language functionality. See [[#Controller_PGM_.28and_MP.29_Improvements|Controller PGM (and_MP) Improvements]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)]] ===<br />
<br />
* The [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)]] model now works with ionic (charged) species, and can for example determine ionic strength and pH in aqueous solutions. If hydrogen cations (H+(aq)) are present in a stream or contents, an estimate of the pH is displayed. The user may modify activity coefficients based on the calculated ionic strength.<br />
* The user can also [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)#Species Filter|filter]] the species view on the FEM tab, selecting either species or interest, or the temperature range of interest. This is very useful for projects containing many species.<br />
<br />
=== [[Boiler]] ===<br />
* A new Steam Specification method has been added which allows the user to specify the desired steam based on pressure and degrees of superheat.<br />
* A new Steam Demand method allows the user to specify the required amount of steam within the model and this is passed back through the feed streams using [[Demand]] logic.<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Heater]] ===<br />
* A new method has been added to heat or cool the feed to the saturation temperature of a selected component (eg. H2O). If evaporation or condensation is required, then use the new [[Simple Evaporator]] or [[Simple Condenser]] models (which also have this method as an option).<br />
<br />
=== [[Crusher2]] ===<br />
* Removed limit on number of ores with PSD that can be included.<br />
* Various display and input data validation improvements.<br />
<br />
=== Other Model Improvements and Changes ===<br />
<br />
* Improve pass through of correct SpModel in many unit models, where projects have multiple SpModels available.<br />
* Miscellaneous improvements to [[Models#Sugar_Models|Sugar]] species and unit models.<br />
* Improved display when vapours in OF for Thickener1, Classifier, Washer and CCWasher.<br />
* Some additional Environment fields (Latitude, EvaporationRate and RainfallRate) have been added to [[Plant Model - Environment]]. These variables are accessible from PGM [[Plant Model Class]].<br />
* Control models that have multiple models with a Summary table on the first tab page, now have an option to show one model per page. The affected controller models are [[Controller -- Waveform Controller|Signal Waveform Controller]], [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]], [[General Statistics]] and [[Flow Statistics]].<br />
* Some improvements in short and long tag naming and consistency in different models.<br />
<br />
= [[Reaction Block (RB)]] Improvements =<br />
<br />
There are a significant number of improvements and new functionality in the SysCAD [[Reaction Block (RB)]] providing greater flexibility. The improvements and new functionality are described in the following sections. Some of the highlights include:<br />
* Many new and improved Reaction Extent Types<br />
* Useful new reactions summary table <br />
* Various new options for display of additional information for managing reaction extents<br />
* Improved Reaction Block solver<br />
* Updated Reaction Editor<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Extent Types ===<br />
<br />
A significant number of new reaction [[Reaction Block - Extents|Extent Types]] have been implemented often removing the need to implement controllers needing to adjust a reaction extent to achieve a setpoint. <br />
<br />
New Extent types:<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Amount_Reacted_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Amount Reacted]] - Set the reaction rate directly as a mass or mole flowrate.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Flow_.28RB_only.29|Final Flow]] - Specify the required mass or mole flowrate required after completion of the reaction.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Elemental_Concentration_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Final Elem Conc]] - Similar to existing Species Concentration method but based on Elemental concentrations.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#User_Defined_Properties_.28User_Calc.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|User Calc]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified [[Calculation_Configuration#User_Property_Calculations | User Calculation]].<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#User_Defined_Species_Calculation_.28Sp_Calc.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|Sp Calc]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified [[Calculation_Configuration#Species_Calculations|Species Calculation]].<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Species_Model_Properties_.28Sp_Model_Prop.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|SpModel Prop]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified SpModel and Property.<br />
Improved existing Extent types:<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Concentration_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Final Conc]] - Can now specify species molar concentration or species mass concentration.<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Summary Table ===<br />
<br />
* Various improvements and rearranging of reported tags in Access window for reaction blocks.<br />
* New reaction list summary table displayed on new [[Reaction Block (RB)#RS - Summary Table Information|RS tab page]]. Fields shown in the summary table can be selected using new field '''SummaryTableInfo'''.<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Block Solver Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* Improved solver so that target reaction extents for iterative methods, such as Final Concentration, are met with significantly more accuracy (and in less iterations).<br />
* Improved display and management of various Reaction Block tolerance settings and feedback status of the various interrelated convergence loops.<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Reagent Requirements ===<br />
<br />
Optional additional displays in the [[Reaction Block (RB)|reaction block]] which allow the user to display the amounts of reagents required to achieve the required extent for each reaction using the new '''ShowSpRequirements''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]].<br />
<br />
Requirements are shown for each [[Reaction Block - Individual Reactions|individual reaction]] and overall on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]]. The overall page also includes an excess calculation which subtracts the calculated requirement from actual feed.<br />
<br />
=== Calculate and Display Values at Limits ===<br />
<br />
Optional additional displays in the [[Reaction Block (RB)|reaction block]] which allow the user to display the maximum forward and reverse amounts that can be reacted for each reaction given the feed for that reaction. The extent value at these limits for the reaction extent type is also shown. Ideal for seeing the effect if reaction proceeds as far as possible and for trouble shooting when reaction extents are not met. This new functionality is enabled using the new '''ShowReactionLimits''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]].<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Extent Error Reporting ===<br />
<br />
The reporting of extent errors in the reaction block have been improved. For all extent types, both an absolute and relative extent error are now automatically calculated. Refer to [[Reaction_Block_-_Individual_Reactions#Data_Sections|Reaction Block - Individual Reactions]] for more details.<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Rate Limits ===<br />
<br />
New option to specify the maximum rate of a reaction can be enabled using the new '''LimitAmountReacted''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]]. This feature is particularly useful for dynamic mode for reactions in tanks (CRB) where the rate can be limited when targeting a final concentration, or ratio or similar.<br />
<br />
=== Improved [[Reaction Editor]] ===<br />
<br />
* Supports all new [[Reaction Block - Extents|Reaction Extent Types]] and enhancements.<br />
* Miscellaneous display and data validation improvements.<br />
* New [[Reaction Editor]] version 1.3 supports 3 different formats of the rct files and can be used with SysCAD 9.2, SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and latest SysCAD 9.3 Build 137.<br />
<br />
=== Other RB Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* User data, for example extents, are saved and recovered correctly when editing a reaction file and adding new reactions, deleting reactions or re-ordering reactions.<br />
* The internal state for most of the data for each of the reactions are now saved and recovered correctly. This is ideal for viewing, using or reporting reaction details immediately after a project load without the requirement to first solve.<br />
<br />
= User interface =<br />
<br />
=== New Report Template ===<br />
<br />
Users can now run standard Steady State SysCAD reports for their projects. These are off-the-shelf ready to go reports that will work for all steady state projects. <br />
With any steady state project open, simply open the Excel Automation Dialog box, and SysCAD will automatically add in the [[Adding_and_Executing_Excel_Reports#Report_Templates_and_Default_Reports|default reports]]:<br />
* 02GeneralReport.xlsx: This includes a simple stream information report and a simple overall mass balance report.<br />
* 04DetailedReport.xlsx: This includes many reports extracting various information from the project, including Stream information reports, reactions, controls and other sub model reports.<br />
* Generate the report to populate the data from the project.<br />
<br />
=== Species Filter ===<br />
<br />
# Users can now filter the species on the Sp tab of pipes and other units to show only the species of interest. For example, if the user is interested in seeing only species contains Chlorine, they can enable the Filter and show only species contains Cl. Filter can be applied to Elemental definition or species tags. This functionality is especially useful for projects containing many species. Please see [[Species Flow Section#Filter On/Off Button|Filter On/Off Button]].<br />
# The [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)|FEM Reactor]] also allows users to filter the species view, based on elements or text and/or Cp temperature range. This makes it much easier to configure and troubleshoot this model.<br />
# The [[Species Properties ($SDB)]] page also allows users to filter the species, including additional option to filter based on temperature range for Cp.<br />
<br />
=== [[Excel Tag Select Reports|Excel TagSelect]] Reporting Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* New optional GroupBy parameter with various options to separate groups of tags in the resulting report. For example, create neater reports by separating graphics pages with headings and a few blank lines.<br />
* TagSelect report generation time decreased significantly when using any of the optional ClearTags, ClearRange or Clear parameters.<br />
* Makes use of the improved TagSelect Engine that can now return lists of SubTypes (Sub Models). Ideal for easily reporting all SubModels such as all Reactions, EHX, Makeups, etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Merge Project ===<br />
<br />
Significant improvements for [[Merge Project]] functionality:<br />
* Most importantly global options for a project are compared and differences reported. User can chose to proceed using global settings from the current or imported project.<br />
* Improved reporting of tag and file conflicts.<br />
* Faster project merge time (various speedups).<br />
<br />
=== Miscellaneous ===<br />
<br />
* Renamed File Menu to Project and other minor changes to other menus and toolbar buttons. See [[Menu Commands]].<br />
* Condition Messages in the messages window on the "Solver Conditions Messages" tab are sorted as Error, Warning, Note.<br />
* Improved how graphics flowsheet pages are listed in [[Plant Model - Flowsheets]] page. New and improved options for Activating and Deactivating graphics pages.<br />
* For species Nett flows shown on [[Links Table|Links]] page where there are multiple phases for the species selected in [[Plant Model - Settings]], a nett component tag is automatically added to easily report a nett species change. This makes species mass balance reporting significantly easier using TagSelect; for example for water balance using new Links tag Nett.Qm.H2O.<br />
<br />
=== New Global Conversions Options ===<br />
<br />
On the ''Manage Conversion Defaults and Display'' dialog box (Edit - Conversions - Defaults and Display..), there are three additional global options:<br />
* allow units with or without slashes (eg. t/h vs tph)<br />
* allow units with or without carets (^) (eg. m^3 vs m3)<br />
* allow units with or without 'a' for absolute in pressure units (eg. psia vs psi).<br />
<br />
Please refer to [[Conversions#Defaults and Displays..|Conversions - Defaults and Displays]] for more information.<br />
<br />
= Stream Property Improvements =<br />
<br />
Various new fields for stream properties have been added to [[Material Flow Section]]:<br />
* New fields to show some [[Material Flow Section#Solution Impurities|Solution Impurities]] such as TDS and TSS under new "Solution Impurities" heading. Most of these fields will only be shown if the user has chosen to display the ''SolutionImpurities'' in the [[Plant Model - Views|Plant Model - Views tab page]] or from the [[Material Flow Section#Content Buttons|''Include Properties'']] dropdown list on the first page of the material flow section.<br />
* Expanded optional [[Material_Flow_Section#H2O_Properties|H2O Properties]] section to include separate water and steam display of IF97 properties as well as the H2O properties for the currently selected equations.<br />
* New fields in [[Material_Flow_Section_-_Flow|Material Flow]] Section for Volume fractions for Solid, Liquid and Vapour phases. Also new Solid and Liquid mass fractions in Slurry, shown under Mass Fractions heading.<br />
* New VapourFraction and SubCooling@P shown under [[Material_Flow_Section#Saturation_Values|Saturation Values]].<br />
<br />
= Solver Improvements =<br />
<br />
* Functionality for Activating and Deactivating pages, including from PGMs has been improved and is more robust.<br />
* '''Project Networks Information''' - A new tab page has been added to the [[Plant Model]] access window called [[Plant Model - PrjNetworks|PrjNetworks]]. This tab page shows information on the independent flow networks in the project including number of nodes (units and links) and whether it is currently active. Users can also easily copy information on each network to the clipboard or use the find command to select all nodes in the network.<br />
* A new option (Execute.Optimisation) has been added to the [[Solver Setting - FS Solver]] page to allow the solver to optimise the solver evaluation sequence multi-threading either via the number of nodes or evaluation time.<br />
<br />
= Controller [[PGM]] (and [[MP]]) Improvements =<br />
<br />
* Expanded PGM [[Matrix Class]] and [[Array Class]] with a number of new methods, including functions for matrix algebra.<br />
* Added new '''GetValues''' method to [[Tag Select Class]] that returns an Array of values for a specified field. Eliminates need to loop through TagSelect models, concatenate tags and retrieve individual tags. See [[Tag_Select_Class#Steady-State_Project_Mass_Balance|example]].<br />
* Implemented new keywords [[PGM_Programming_and_Conventions#SetChangeTagOn_and_SetChangeTagOff|'''SetChangeTagOff''' and '''SetChangeTagOn''']] which controls if MP or PGM files must be searched for any Change Tags. By default this is off for Model Procedures (MP) and on for General Controller (PGM). This impacts time taken for change tag, especially when multiple tag changes such as during merge project.<br />
<br />
= "Under the Hood" Changes =<br />
<br />
* Compiled with Microsoft C++ 2015 making use of new features in VS2015, Standard Libraries and ISO C++11.<br />
* Significantly enhanced SMDK (SysCAD Model Developers Kit). Expanded list of helper classes and new methods for existing classes.<br />
* Reduced memory use for projects allowing even larger projects with more species. New error messages when available memory is very low and prevent solve under these conditions.<br />
* Various general and solver speed improvements.<br />
* Some splitting and reorganisation of code and models in libraries (DLLs).<br />
* Various underlying code improvements, enhancements and modernisation.<br />
<br />
= Tutorial =<br />
<br />
Updated Tutorial documentation and videos. Please see '''[[Tutorial]]''' in the Help documentation.<br />
<br />
= Examples =<br />
<br />
* [[Example Projects 9.3|Example projects]] distributed with SysCAD have been updated and there are a number of new example projects.<br />
<br />
= Build 137 Changes that may affect results or project upgrade =<br />
<br />
* The method of programmatically activating or deactivating flowsheets via the [[Plant Model - Flowsheets|Plant Model - Flowsheets tab]] has changed. Previously, one field (button) was used to activate or deactivate the flowsheet. Now, there are separate fields, or buttons, for activation or deactivation. If you have used the functionality on this tab to activate or deactivate flowsheets in pgms or from Excel, then please be aware that you will need to change the the field tags.<br />
* Random number generator now uses the C++ standard library. This could affect results when using the [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]] or [[Noise Class|PGM Noise Class]].<br />
* PGM and MP has a few more restricted variable names such as "Filename". If these were used PGM load errors occur. While upgrading, first change these in PGM file before first project save.<br />
* Some more hardwired conversions have been added to the [[Conversions#Conversions Database|Conversions Database]]. If the user had previously defined these in their [[Conversions Table|Project Database]] and the user definition (scale and offset) is not '''exactly''' the same as the hardwired definition, then the user conversion will be discarded on load (with an appropriate message). If this occurs, then for the user to (still) have this conversion available to them, they will have to tick ''Show'' in the [[Conversions#Defaults and Displays..|Conversions Defaults and Displays list]] next to the desired conversion unit.<br />
* H2O(l) is no longer allowed as a [[LockUp]] species. If a project previously used this, the user will receive a warning on load and the lockup value for H2O(l) will be set to zero.<br />
<br />
= Discontinued Functionality =<br />
<br />
* The ''Recognise H2O(l) as Aqueous'' option in the configuration file has now been removed. SysCAD will now always treat water as an aqueous species. There are still a number of methods available if the user wishes to separate water from other aqueous species or report aqueous flow excluding water. Please refer to [[General_Configuration#Recognise_Water_As_Aqueous|General Configuration]] for more information.<br />
* The option to define a default [[Makeup Source]] in [[Plant Model]] (on the [[Plant_Model_-_Settings#Direct_IO_Links|Settings tab]]) has been removed. Any makeup blocks which were using the default makeup source (and it was a valid source) will continue to work as previously, but if the makeup source needs to be changed, it must now be done on the makeup block access window.<br />
<br />
= Previous 9.3 Builds =<br />
<br />
* Build 136 was the first official release of SysCAD 9.3 (12<sup>th</sup> November 2015). For notes on upgrading SysCAD projects from 9.2 to 9.3 see [[Upgrade to SysCAD 9.3]]. See [[SysCAD 9.3 Release Notes]] and [[Revision History]].</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Build_137_Release_Notes&diff=41022Build 137 Release Notes2017-10-26T10:23:42Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Build 137 Changes that may affect results or project upgrade */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
* '''Build 137''' general release was October 2017, but was used selectively from June 2017. Build 137 is the second major release for SysCAD 9.3.<br />
* See [[Revision History]] for a full list of improvements and fixes after the first release of Build 137.<br />
* See [[Upgrading Builds]] for a detailed recommended procedure for upgrading projects between Builds for the same version.<br />
<br />
= What's New and Changed =<br />
<br />
= New Models =<br />
<br />
=== [[Slew Rate Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Slew Rate Controller]] is used to gradually change a process variable to a setpoint. It can be used in both steady-state and dynamic simulations for the purpose of making gradual changes. It has a number of methods available to make the gradual change including fixed rates and first order response.<br />
<br />
=== [[Pressure Exchanger]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Pressure Exchanger]] unit model can be used to model energy recovery devices such as those used in reverse osmosis plants to recover energy from high pressure brine streams.<br />
<br />
The unit has two feeds, a low pressure feed and a high pressure feed. The pressure energy in the high pressure feed is transferred to the low pressure stream, thus acting like a pump for the low pressure stream, increasing its pressure.<br />
<br />
The model can be used to model a wide variety of physical devices such as a Pelton wheel, a Francis turbine, a reverse pump, a Turbocharger and a PX.<br />
<br />
The model includes a leakage parameter to allow for modelling of devices where some mixing can occur.<br />
<br />
The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic to set the flow on the low pressure side.<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Condenser]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Simple Condenser]] is a generic "heat exchanger" model without regards to its cooling media or equipment size. It is designed to give estimates of Duty required to cool the feed to the saturation temperature and condense all of the chosen species.<br />
<br />
The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic, including as part of a [[Flash Train]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Evaporator]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Simple Evaporator]] is a generic "heat exchanger" model without regards to its heating media or equipment size. It is designed to give estimates of the Duty required to evaporate a required amount of material. Only a single component can be evaporated such as H2O(l) or NH3(aq).<br />
<br />
=== [[Direct Contact Heater 2]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Direct Contact Heater 2]] is used to transfer energy from a stream containing live steam to a liquid or slurry stream. It has additional options and improved functionality compared to the original [[Direct Contact Heater]] model. The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic, including as part of a [[Flash Train]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Thermocompressor]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Thermocompressor]] is a form of steam ejector in which a flow of higher pressure primary steam is used to entrain lower pressure secondary steam. The discharge stream is at an intermediate pressure between the high and low pressure steam flows. This potentially enables recovery of some of the energy in the low grade steam.<br />
<br />
= Model Improvements =<br />
<br />
=== New [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Block]] Modes ===<br />
<br />
*New makeup modes have been added to the Makeup Block:<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product Density Model|Product Density]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified product density.<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product pH.negLogH Model|pH]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified product pH. Please note that the pH calculated in SysCAD is an estimate.<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product_User_Calc_Model|User Calculation]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected [[Calculation_Configuration#User_Property_Calculations | User Calculation]].<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product_SpCalc_Model|Species Calculation]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected [[Calculation_Configuration#Species_Calculations|Species Calculation]].<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product SpModel Property Model|Species Model Property]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected Species Model and Property.<br />
*Improved method of selecting [[Makeup Source]] and error reporting when Makeup Source is not specified or found.<br />
<br />
=== New VLEquilibrium Options in [[Feeder-Cross Page Connector|Feeder]] ===<br />
<br />
Two new VLEquilibrium options have been added to the [[Feeder-Cross Page Connector|Feeder]] and [[Makeup Source]] models:<br />
* '''SuperHeat_Vap(dT,P)''' - allows the user to specify the pressure and degrees of superheat for a superheated vapour stream.<br />
* '''SubCooled_Liq(dT,P)''' - allows the user to specify the pressure and degrees of subcooling for a subcooled liquid stream.<br />
<br />
Refer to [[Feeder-Cross_Page_Connector#Temperature_.26_Pressure_Requirements|Feeder model - Temperature & Pressure Requirements]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== PSD Interpolation Methods ===<br />
<br />
There are now several options for the interpolation method to be used when performing [[Size_Distribution_(PSD)#Size_Measurements_Data_Sections_(MSz_Tab)|size distribution]] calculations such as P80, including Linear, TSpline and LogLog. These are defined in the [[Size Configuration#Size Distribution|configuration file]] for each Size Distribution. They are also shown on the [[Plant Model - Qualities#SzDist (PSD) Quality Configuration|Plant Model - Qualities Tab]].<br />
<br />
=== Tank (Dynamic) ===<br />
<br />
* '''New Content EHX''' - An [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]] sub-model can be enabled on the content of a [[Tank - Dynamic Mode|Dynamic Tank]]. Methods available in a CEHX include Product Temperature, Loss to Ambient (types 2 and 3) and Fixed Heat Flow. Please refer to [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]] for more information.<br />
* '''New Static Head Pressure''' - The static head (height of material above the outlet) and static head pressure are now shown on the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode#Connect Tab Page|Connect page]] of the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode|Dynamic Tank]]. There is also an option on the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode#Settings Tab Page|Settings page]] for this pressure to be added to the tank pressure when determining the outlet pressure.<br />
<br />
=== Random Number Generators ===<br />
<br />
The [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]] model has additional random number generator methods available including Binomial, Geometric, Exponential and LogNormal.<br />
<br />
=== [[PID Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
* The Output Value can now be set by the user when the model is stopped. Ideal for setting initial values when in Auto mode.<br />
* The user may enter a description of the PID controller as text. This field is handled by SysCAD like a normal tag, therefore it can be reported and set via Excel.<br />
* New result fields Index and CfgState for improved reporting<br />
Please refer to [[PID Controller#P1: Individual PID Data Fields|PID Controller - Data Sections - Individual]] for more details.<br />
<br />
=== [[General Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
* New UnitTags Find button on the TagRefs tab page to open the Find dialog with all the referenced unit models selected.<br />
* Various improvements to PGM load, error reporting, PGM Classes and language functionality. See [[#Controller_PGM_.28and_MP.29_Improvements|Controller PGM (and_MP) Improvements]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)]] ===<br />
<br />
* The [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)]] model now works with ionic (charged) species, and can for example determine ionic strength and pH in aqueous solutions. If hydrogen cations (H+(aq)) are present in a stream or contents, an estimate of the pH is displayed. The user may modify activity coefficients based on the calculated ionic strength.<br />
* The user can also [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)#Species Filter|filter]] the species view on the FEM tab, selecting either species or interest, or the temperature range of interest. This is very useful for projects containing many species.<br />
<br />
=== [[Boiler]] ===<br />
* A new Steam Specification method has been added which allows the user to specify the desired steam based on pressure and degrees of superheat.<br />
* A new Steam Demand method allows the user to specify the required amount of steam within the model and this is passed back through the feed streams using [[Demand]] logic.<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Heater]] ===<br />
* A new method has been added to heat or cool the feed to the saturation temperature of a selected component (eg. H2O). If evaporation or condensation is required, then use the new [[Simple Evaporator]] or [[Simple Condenser]] models (which also have this method as an option).<br />
<br />
=== [[Crusher2]] ===<br />
* Removed limit on number of ores with PSD that can be included.<br />
* Various display and input data validation improvements.<br />
<br />
=== Other Model Improvements and Changes ===<br />
<br />
* Improve pass through of correct SpModel in many unit models, where projects have multiple SpModels available.<br />
* Miscellaneous improvements to [[Models#Sugar_Models|Sugar]] species and unit models.<br />
* Improved display when vapours in OF for Thickener1, Classifier, Washer and CCWasher.<br />
* Some additional Environment fields (Latitude, EvaporationRate and RainfallRate) have been added to [[Plant Model - Environment]]. These variables are accessible from PGM [[Plant Model Class]].<br />
* Control models that have multiple models with a Summary table on the first tab page, now have an option to show one model per page. The affected controller models are [[Controller -- Waveform Controller|Signal Waveform Controller]], [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]], [[General Statistics]] and [[Flow Statistics]].<br />
* Some improvements in short and long tag naming and consistency in different models.<br />
<br />
= [[Reaction Block (RB)]] Improvements =<br />
<br />
There are a significant number of improvements and new functionality in the SysCAD [[Reaction Block (RB)]] providing greater flexibility. The improvements and new functionality are described in the following sections. Some of the highlights include:<br />
* Many new and improved Reaction Extent Types<br />
* Useful new reactions summary table <br />
* Various new options for display of additional information for managing reaction extents<br />
* Improved Reaction Block solver<br />
* Updated Reaction Editor<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Extent Types ===<br />
<br />
A significant number of new reaction [[Reaction Block - Extents|Extent Types]] have been implemented often removing the need to implement controllers needing to adjust a reaction extent to achieve a setpoint. <br />
<br />
New Extent types:<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Amount_Reacted_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Amount Reacted]] - Set the reaction rate directly as a mass or mole flowrate.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Flow_.28RB_only.29|Final Flow]] - Specify the required mass or mole flowrate required after completion of the reaction.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Elemental_Concentration_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Final Elem Conc]] - Similar to existing Species Concentration method but based on Elemental concentrations.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#User_Defined_Properties_.28User_Calc.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|User Calc]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified [[Calculation_Configuration#User_Property_Calculations | User Calculation]].<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#User_Defined_Species_Calculation_.28Sp_Calc.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|Sp Calc]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified [[Calculation_Configuration#Species_Calculations|Species Calculation]].<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Species_Model_Properties_.28Sp_Model_Prop.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|SpModel Prop]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified SpModel and Property.<br />
Improved existing Extent types:<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Concentration_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Final Conc]] - Can now specify species molar concentration or species mass concentration.<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Summary Table ===<br />
<br />
* Various improvements and rearranging of reported tags in Access window for reaction blocks.<br />
* New reaction list summary table displayed on new [[Reaction Block (RB)#RS - Summary Table Information|RS tab page]]. Fields shown in the summary table can be selected using new field '''SummaryTableInfo'''.<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Block Solver Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* Improved solver so that target reaction extents for iterative methods, such as Final Concentration, are met with significantly more accuracy (and in less iterations).<br />
* Improved display and management of various Reaction Block tolerance settings and feedback status of the various interrelated convergence loops.<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Reagent Requirements ===<br />
<br />
Optional additional displays in the [[Reaction Block (RB)|reaction block]] which allow the user to display the amounts of reagents required to achieve the required extent for each reaction using the new '''ShowSpRequirements''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]].<br />
<br />
Requirements are shown for each [[Reaction Block - Individual Reactions|individual reaction]] and overall on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]]. The overall page also includes an excess calculation which subtracts the calculated requirement from actual feed.<br />
<br />
=== Calculate and Display Values at Limits ===<br />
<br />
Optional additional displays in the [[Reaction Block (RB)|reaction block]] which allow the user to display the maximum forward and reverse amounts that can be reacted for each reaction given the feed for that reaction. The extent value at these limits for the reaction extent type is also shown. Ideal for seeing the effect if reaction proceeds as far as possible and for trouble shooting when reaction extents are not met. This new functionality is enabled using the new '''ShowReactionLimits''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]].<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Extent Error Reporting ===<br />
<br />
The reporting of extent errors in the reaction block have been improved. For all extent types, both an absolute and relative extent error are now automatically calculated. Refer to [[Reaction_Block_-_Individual_Reactions#Data_Sections|Reaction Block - Individual Reactions]] for more details.<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Rate Limits ===<br />
<br />
New option to specify the maximum rate of a reaction can be enabled using the new '''LimitAmountReacted''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]]. This feature is particularly useful for dynamic mode for reactions in tanks (CRB) where the rate can be limited when targeting a final concentration, or ratio or similar.<br />
<br />
=== Improved [[Reaction Editor]] ===<br />
<br />
* Supports all new [[Reaction Block - Extents|Reaction Extent Types]] and enhancements.<br />
* Miscellaneous display and data validation improvements.<br />
* New [[Reaction Editor]] version 1.3 supports 3 different formats of the rct files and can be used with SysCAD 9.2, SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and latest SysCAD 9.3 Build 137.<br />
<br />
=== Other RB Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* User data, for example extents, are saved and recovered correctly when editing a reaction file and adding new reactions, deleting reactions or re-ordering reactions.<br />
* The internal state for most of the data for each of the reactions are now saved and recovered correctly. This is ideal for viewing, using or reporting reaction details immediately after a project load without the requirement to first solve.<br />
<br />
= User interface =<br />
<br />
=== New Report Template ===<br />
<br />
Users can now run standard Steady State SysCAD reports for their projects. These are off-the-shelf ready to go reports that will work for all steady state projects. <br />
With any steady state project open, simply open the Excel Automation Dialog box, and SysCAD will automatically add in the [[Adding_and_Executing_Excel_Reports#Report_Templates_and_Default_Reports|default reports]]:<br />
* 02GeneralReport.xlsx: This includes a simple stream information report and a simple overall mass balance report.<br />
* 04DetailedReport.xlsx: This includes many reports extracting various information from the project, including Stream information reports, reactions, controls and other sub model reports.<br />
* Generate the report to populate the data from the project.<br />
<br />
=== Species Filter ===<br />
<br />
# Users can now filter the species on the Sp tab of pipes and other units to show only the species of interest. For example, if the user is interested in seeing only species contains Chlorine, they can enable the Filter and show only species contains Cl. Filter can be applied to Elemental definition or species tags. This functionality is especially useful for projects containing many species. Please see [[Species Flow Section#Filter On/Off Button|Filter On/Off Button]].<br />
# The [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)|FEM Reactor]] also allows users to filter the species view, based on elements or text and/or Cp temperature range. This makes it much easier to configure and troubleshoot this model.<br />
# The [[Species Properties ($SDB)]] page also allows users to filter the species, including additional option to filter based on temperature range for Cp.<br />
<br />
=== [[Excel Tag Select Reports|Excel TagSelect]] Reporting Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* New optional GroupBy parameter with various options to separate groups of tags in the resulting report. For example, create neater reports by separating graphics pages with headings and a few blank lines.<br />
* TagSelect report generation time decreased significantly when using any of the optional ClearTags, ClearRange or Clear parameters.<br />
* Makes use of the improved TagSelect Engine that can now return lists of SubTypes (Sub Models). Ideal for easily reporting all SubModels such as all Reactions, EHX, Makeups, etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Merge Project ===<br />
<br />
Significant improvements for [[Merge Project]] functionality:<br />
* Most importantly global options for a project are compared and differences reported. User can chose to proceed using global settings from the current or imported project.<br />
* Improved reporting of tag and file conflicts.<br />
* Faster project merge time (various speedups).<br />
<br />
=== Miscellaneous ===<br />
<br />
* Renamed File Menu to Project and other minor changes to other menus and toolbar buttons. See [[Menu Commands]].<br />
* Condition Messages in the messages window on the "Solver Conditions Messages" tab are sorted as Error, Warning, Note.<br />
* Improved how graphics flowsheet pages are listed in [[Plant Model - Flowsheets]] page. New and improved options for Activating and Deactivating graphics pages.<br />
* For species Nett flows shown on [[Links Table|Links]] page where there are multiple phases for the species selected in [[Plant Model - Settings]], a nett component tag is automatically added to easily report a nett species change. This makes species mass balance reporting significantly easier using TagSelect; for example for water balance using new Links tag Nett.Qm.H2O.<br />
<br />
=== New Global Conversions Options ===<br />
<br />
On the ''Manage Conversion Defaults and Display'' dialog box (Edit - Conversions - Defaults and Display..), there are three additional global options:<br />
* allow units with or without slashes (eg. t/h vs tph)<br />
* allow units with or without carets (^) (eg. m^3 vs m3)<br />
* allow units with or without 'a' for absolute in pressure units (eg. psia vs psi).<br />
<br />
Please refer to [[Conversions#Defaults and Displays..|Conversions - Defaults and Displays]] for more information.<br />
<br />
= Stream Property Improvements =<br />
<br />
Various new fields for stream properties have been added to [[Material Flow Section]]:<br />
* New fields to show some [[Material Flow Section#Solution Impurities|Solution Impurities]] such as TDS and TSS under new "Solution Impurities" heading. Most of these fields will only be shown if the user has chosen to display the ''SolutionImpurities'' in the [[Plant Model - Views|Plant Model - Views tab page]] or from the [[Material Flow Section#Content Buttons|''Include Properties'']] dropdown list on the first page of the material flow section.<br />
* Expanded optional [[Material_Flow_Section#H2O_Properties|H2O Properties]] section to include separate water and steam display of IF97 properties as well as the H2O properties for the currently selected equations.<br />
* New fields in [[Material_Flow_Section_-_Flow|Material Flow]] Section for Volume fractions for Solid, Liquid and Vapour phases. Also new Solid and Liquid mass fractions in Slurry, shown under Mass Fractions heading.<br />
* New VapourFraction and SubCooling@P shown under [[Material_Flow_Section#Saturation_Values|Saturation Values]].<br />
<br />
= Solver Improvements =<br />
<br />
* Functionality for Activating and Deactivating pages, including from PGMs has been improved and is more robust.<br />
* '''Project Networks Information''' - A new tab page has been added to the [[Plant Model]] access window called [[Plant Model - PrjNetworks|PrjNetworks]]. This tab page shows information on the independent flow networks in the project including number of nodes (units and links) and whether it is currently active. Users can also easily copy information on each network to the clipboard or use the find command to select all nodes in the network.<br />
* A new option (Execute.Optimisation) has been added to the [[Solver Setting - FS Solver]] page to allow the solver to optimise the solver evaluation sequence multi-threading either via the number of nodes or evaluation time.<br />
<br />
= Controller [[PGM]] (and [[MP]]) Improvements =<br />
<br />
* Expanded PGM [[Matrix Class]] and [[Array Class]] with a number of new methods, including functions for matrix algebra.<br />
* Added new '''GetValues''' method to [[Tag Select Class]] that returns an Array of values for a specified field. Eliminates need to loop through TagSelect models, concatenate tags and retrieve individual tags. See [[Tag_Select_Class#Steady-State_Project_Mass_Balance|example]].<br />
* Implemented new keywords [[PGM_Programming_and_Conventions#SetChangeTagOn_and_SetChangeTagOff|'''SetChangeTagOff''' and '''SetChangeTagOn''']] which controls if MP or PGM files must be searched for any Change Tags. By default this is off for Model Procedures (MP) and on for General Controller (PGM). This impacts time taken for change tag, especially when multiple tag changes such as during merge project.<br />
<br />
= "Under the Hood" Changes =<br />
<br />
* Compiled with Microsoft C++ 2015 making use of new features in VS2015, Standard Libraries and ISO C++11.<br />
* Significantly enhanced SMDK (SysCAD Model Developers Kit). Expanded list of helper classes and new methods for existing classes.<br />
* Reduced memory use for projects allowing even larger projects with more species. New error messages when available memory is very low and prevent solve under these conditions.<br />
* Various general and solver speed improvements.<br />
* Some splitting and reorganisation of code and models in libraries (DLLs).<br />
* Various underlying code improvements, enhancements and modernisation.<br />
<br />
= Tutorial =<br />
<br />
Updated Tutorial documentation and videos. Please see '''[[Tutorial]]''' in the Help documentation.<br />
<br />
= Examples =<br />
<br />
* [[Example Projects 9.3|Example projects]] distributed with SysCAD have been updated and there are a number of new example projects.<br />
<br />
= Build 137 Changes that may affect results or project upgrade =<br />
<br />
* The method of programmatically activating or deactivating flowsheets via the [[Plant Model - Flowsheets|Plant Model - Flowsheets tab]] has changed. If you have used the functionality on this tab to activate or deactivate flowsheets in pgms or from Excel, then please be aware that you will need to change the method that you use to do this.<br />
* Random number generator now uses the C++ standard library. This could affect results when using the [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]] or [[Noise Class|PGM Noise Class]].<br />
* PGM and MP has a few more restricted variable names such as "Filename". If these were used PGM load errors occur. While upgrading, first change these in PGM file before first project save.<br />
* Some more hardwired conversions have been added to the [[Conversions#Conversions Database|Conversions Database]]. If the user had previously defined these in their [[Conversions Table|Project Database]] and the user definition (scale and offset) is not '''exactly''' the same as the hardwired definition, then the user conversion will be discarded on load (with an appropriate message). If this occurs, then for the user to (still) have this conversion available to them, they will have to tick ''Show'' in the [[Conversions#Defaults and Displays..|Conversions Defaults and Displays list]] next to the desired conversion unit.<br />
* H2O(l) is no longer allowed as a [[LockUp]] species. If a project previously used this, the user will receive a warning on load and the lockup value for H2O(l) will be set to zero.<br />
<br />
= Discontinued Functionality =<br />
<br />
* The ''Recognise H2O(l) as Aqueous'' option in the configuration file has now been removed. SysCAD will now always treat water as an aqueous species. There are still a number of methods available if the user wishes to separate water from other aqueous species or report aqueous flow excluding water. Please refer to [[General_Configuration#Recognise_Water_As_Aqueous|General Configuration]] for more information.<br />
* The option to define a default [[Makeup Source]] in [[Plant Model]] (on the [[Plant_Model_-_Settings#Direct_IO_Links|Settings tab]]) has been removed. Any makeup blocks which were using the default makeup source (and it was a valid source) will continue to work as previously, but if the makeup source needs to be changed, it must now be done on the makeup block access window.<br />
<br />
= Previous 9.3 Builds =<br />
<br />
* Build 136 was the first official release of SysCAD 9.3 (12<sup>th</sup> November 2015). For notes on upgrading SysCAD projects from 9.2 to 9.3 see [[Upgrade to SysCAD 9.3]]. See [[SysCAD 9.3 Release Notes]] and [[Revision History]].</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Build_137_Release_Notes&diff=41021Build 137 Release Notes2017-10-26T10:23:26Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Build 137 Changes that may affect results or project upgrade */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
* '''Build 137''' general release was October 2017, but was used selectively from June 2017. Build 137 is the second major release for SysCAD 9.3.<br />
* See [[Revision History]] for a full list of improvements and fixes after the first release of Build 137.<br />
* See [[Upgrading Builds]] for a detailed recommended procedure for upgrading projects between Builds for the same version.<br />
<br />
= What's New and Changed =<br />
<br />
= New Models =<br />
<br />
=== [[Slew Rate Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Slew Rate Controller]] is used to gradually change a process variable to a setpoint. It can be used in both steady-state and dynamic simulations for the purpose of making gradual changes. It has a number of methods available to make the gradual change including fixed rates and first order response.<br />
<br />
=== [[Pressure Exchanger]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Pressure Exchanger]] unit model can be used to model energy recovery devices such as those used in reverse osmosis plants to recover energy from high pressure brine streams.<br />
<br />
The unit has two feeds, a low pressure feed and a high pressure feed. The pressure energy in the high pressure feed is transferred to the low pressure stream, thus acting like a pump for the low pressure stream, increasing its pressure.<br />
<br />
The model can be used to model a wide variety of physical devices such as a Pelton wheel, a Francis turbine, a reverse pump, a Turbocharger and a PX.<br />
<br />
The model includes a leakage parameter to allow for modelling of devices where some mixing can occur.<br />
<br />
The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic to set the flow on the low pressure side.<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Condenser]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Simple Condenser]] is a generic "heat exchanger" model without regards to its cooling media or equipment size. It is designed to give estimates of Duty required to cool the feed to the saturation temperature and condense all of the chosen species.<br />
<br />
The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic, including as part of a [[Flash Train]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Evaporator]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Simple Evaporator]] is a generic "heat exchanger" model without regards to its heating media or equipment size. It is designed to give estimates of the Duty required to evaporate a required amount of material. Only a single component can be evaporated such as H2O(l) or NH3(aq).<br />
<br />
=== [[Direct Contact Heater 2]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Direct Contact Heater 2]] is used to transfer energy from a stream containing live steam to a liquid or slurry stream. It has additional options and improved functionality compared to the original [[Direct Contact Heater]] model. The model can make use of the [[Demand]] logic, including as part of a [[Flash Train]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Thermocompressor]] ===<br />
<br />
The new [[Thermocompressor]] is a form of steam ejector in which a flow of higher pressure primary steam is used to entrain lower pressure secondary steam. The discharge stream is at an intermediate pressure between the high and low pressure steam flows. This potentially enables recovery of some of the energy in the low grade steam.<br />
<br />
= Model Improvements =<br />
<br />
=== New [[Makeup Block (MU)|Makeup Block]] Modes ===<br />
<br />
*New makeup modes have been added to the Makeup Block:<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product Density Model|Product Density]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified product density.<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product pH.negLogH Model|pH]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified product pH. Please note that the pH calculated in SysCAD is an estimate.<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product_User_Calc_Model|User Calculation]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected [[Calculation_Configuration#User_Property_Calculations | User Calculation]].<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product_SpCalc_Model|Species Calculation]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected [[Calculation_Configuration#Species_Calculations|Species Calculation]].<br />
*# [[Makeup Block (MU)#Product SpModel Property Model|Species Model Property]] - A Makeup stream is added to achieve a user specified setpoint for a user selected Species Model and Property.<br />
*Improved method of selecting [[Makeup Source]] and error reporting when Makeup Source is not specified or found.<br />
<br />
=== New VLEquilibrium Options in [[Feeder-Cross Page Connector|Feeder]] ===<br />
<br />
Two new VLEquilibrium options have been added to the [[Feeder-Cross Page Connector|Feeder]] and [[Makeup Source]] models:<br />
* '''SuperHeat_Vap(dT,P)''' - allows the user to specify the pressure and degrees of superheat for a superheated vapour stream.<br />
* '''SubCooled_Liq(dT,P)''' - allows the user to specify the pressure and degrees of subcooling for a subcooled liquid stream.<br />
<br />
Refer to [[Feeder-Cross_Page_Connector#Temperature_.26_Pressure_Requirements|Feeder model - Temperature & Pressure Requirements]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== PSD Interpolation Methods ===<br />
<br />
There are now several options for the interpolation method to be used when performing [[Size_Distribution_(PSD)#Size_Measurements_Data_Sections_(MSz_Tab)|size distribution]] calculations such as P80, including Linear, TSpline and LogLog. These are defined in the [[Size Configuration#Size Distribution|configuration file]] for each Size Distribution. They are also shown on the [[Plant Model - Qualities#SzDist (PSD) Quality Configuration|Plant Model - Qualities Tab]].<br />
<br />
=== Tank (Dynamic) ===<br />
<br />
* '''New Content EHX''' - An [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]] sub-model can be enabled on the content of a [[Tank - Dynamic Mode|Dynamic Tank]]. Methods available in a CEHX include Product Temperature, Loss to Ambient (types 2 and 3) and Fixed Heat Flow. Please refer to [[Environmental Heat Exchanger (EHX)]] for more information.<br />
* '''New Static Head Pressure''' - The static head (height of material above the outlet) and static head pressure are now shown on the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode#Connect Tab Page|Connect page]] of the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode|Dynamic Tank]]. There is also an option on the [[Tank - Dynamic Mode#Settings Tab Page|Settings page]] for this pressure to be added to the tank pressure when determining the outlet pressure.<br />
<br />
=== Random Number Generators ===<br />
<br />
The [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]] model has additional random number generator methods available including Binomial, Geometric, Exponential and LogNormal.<br />
<br />
=== [[PID Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
* The Output Value can now be set by the user when the model is stopped. Ideal for setting initial values when in Auto mode.<br />
* The user may enter a description of the PID controller as text. This field is handled by SysCAD like a normal tag, therefore it can be reported and set via Excel.<br />
* New result fields Index and CfgState for improved reporting<br />
Please refer to [[PID Controller#P1: Individual PID Data Fields|PID Controller - Data Sections - Individual]] for more details.<br />
<br />
=== [[General Controller]] ===<br />
<br />
* New UnitTags Find button on the TagRefs tab page to open the Find dialog with all the referenced unit models selected.<br />
* Various improvements to PGM load, error reporting, PGM Classes and language functionality. See [[#Controller_PGM_.28and_MP.29_Improvements|Controller PGM (and_MP) Improvements]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)]] ===<br />
<br />
* The [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)]] model now works with ionic (charged) species, and can for example determine ionic strength and pH in aqueous solutions. If hydrogen cations (H+(aq)) are present in a stream or contents, an estimate of the pH is displayed. The user may modify activity coefficients based on the calculated ionic strength.<br />
* The user can also [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)#Species Filter|filter]] the species view on the FEM tab, selecting either species or interest, or the temperature range of interest. This is very useful for projects containing many species.<br />
<br />
=== [[Boiler]] ===<br />
* A new Steam Specification method has been added which allows the user to specify the desired steam based on pressure and degrees of superheat.<br />
* A new Steam Demand method allows the user to specify the required amount of steam within the model and this is passed back through the feed streams using [[Demand]] logic.<br />
<br />
=== [[Simple Heater]] ===<br />
* A new method has been added to heat or cool the feed to the saturation temperature of a selected component (eg. H2O). If evaporation or condensation is required, then use the new [[Simple Evaporator]] or [[Simple Condenser]] models (which also have this method as an option).<br />
<br />
=== [[Crusher2]] ===<br />
* Removed limit on number of ores with PSD that can be included.<br />
* Various display and input data validation improvements.<br />
<br />
=== Other Model Improvements and Changes ===<br />
<br />
* Improve pass through of correct SpModel in many unit models, where projects have multiple SpModels available.<br />
* Miscellaneous improvements to [[Models#Sugar_Models|Sugar]] species and unit models.<br />
* Improved display when vapours in OF for Thickener1, Classifier, Washer and CCWasher.<br />
* Some additional Environment fields (Latitude, EvaporationRate and RainfallRate) have been added to [[Plant Model - Environment]]. These variables are accessible from PGM [[Plant Model Class]].<br />
* Control models that have multiple models with a Summary table on the first tab page, now have an option to show one model per page. The affected controller models are [[Controller -- Waveform Controller|Signal Waveform Controller]], [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]], [[General Statistics]] and [[Flow Statistics]].<br />
* Some improvements in short and long tag naming and consistency in different models.<br />
<br />
= [[Reaction Block (RB)]] Improvements =<br />
<br />
There are a significant number of improvements and new functionality in the SysCAD [[Reaction Block (RB)]] providing greater flexibility. The improvements and new functionality are described in the following sections. Some of the highlights include:<br />
* Many new and improved Reaction Extent Types<br />
* Useful new reactions summary table <br />
* Various new options for display of additional information for managing reaction extents<br />
* Improved Reaction Block solver<br />
* Updated Reaction Editor<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Extent Types ===<br />
<br />
A significant number of new reaction [[Reaction Block - Extents|Extent Types]] have been implemented often removing the need to implement controllers needing to adjust a reaction extent to achieve a setpoint. <br />
<br />
New Extent types:<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Amount_Reacted_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Amount Reacted]] - Set the reaction rate directly as a mass or mole flowrate.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Flow_.28RB_only.29|Final Flow]] - Specify the required mass or mole flowrate required after completion of the reaction.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Elemental_Concentration_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Final Elem Conc]] - Similar to existing Species Concentration method but based on Elemental concentrations.<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#User_Defined_Properties_.28User_Calc.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|User Calc]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified [[Calculation_Configuration#User_Property_Calculations | User Calculation]].<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#User_Defined_Species_Calculation_.28Sp_Calc.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|Sp Calc]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified [[Calculation_Configuration#Species_Calculations|Species Calculation]].<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Species_Model_Properties_.28Sp_Model_Prop.29_.28RB_and_CRB.29|SpModel Prop]] - React to achieve a desired value for a specified SpModel and Property.<br />
Improved existing Extent types:<br />
* [[Reaction_Block_-_Extents#Final_Concentration_.28RB_.26_CRB.29|Final Conc]] - Can now specify species molar concentration or species mass concentration.<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Summary Table ===<br />
<br />
* Various improvements and rearranging of reported tags in Access window for reaction blocks.<br />
* New reaction list summary table displayed on new [[Reaction Block (RB)#RS - Summary Table Information|RS tab page]]. Fields shown in the summary table can be selected using new field '''SummaryTableInfo'''.<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Block Solver Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* Improved solver so that target reaction extents for iterative methods, such as Final Concentration, are met with significantly more accuracy (and in less iterations).<br />
* Improved display and management of various Reaction Block tolerance settings and feedback status of the various interrelated convergence loops.<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Reagent Requirements ===<br />
<br />
Optional additional displays in the [[Reaction Block (RB)|reaction block]] which allow the user to display the amounts of reagents required to achieve the required extent for each reaction using the new '''ShowSpRequirements''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]].<br />
<br />
Requirements are shown for each [[Reaction Block - Individual Reactions|individual reaction]] and overall on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]]. The overall page also includes an excess calculation which subtracts the calculated requirement from actual feed.<br />
<br />
=== Calculate and Display Values at Limits ===<br />
<br />
Optional additional displays in the [[Reaction Block (RB)|reaction block]] which allow the user to display the maximum forward and reverse amounts that can be reacted for each reaction given the feed for that reaction. The extent value at these limits for the reaction extent type is also shown. Ideal for seeing the effect if reaction proceeds as far as possible and for trouble shooting when reaction extents are not met. This new functionality is enabled using the new '''ShowReactionLimits''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]].<br />
<br />
=== Reaction Extent Error Reporting ===<br />
<br />
The reporting of extent errors in the reaction block have been improved. For all extent types, both an absolute and relative extent error are now automatically calculated. Refer to [[Reaction_Block_-_Individual_Reactions#Data_Sections|Reaction Block - Individual Reactions]] for more details.<br />
<br />
=== New Reaction Rate Limits ===<br />
<br />
New option to specify the maximum rate of a reaction can be enabled using the new '''LimitAmountReacted''' option on the [[Reaction Block (RB)#RB Section|RB tab page]]. This feature is particularly useful for dynamic mode for reactions in tanks (CRB) where the rate can be limited when targeting a final concentration, or ratio or similar.<br />
<br />
=== Improved [[Reaction Editor]] ===<br />
<br />
* Supports all new [[Reaction Block - Extents|Reaction Extent Types]] and enhancements.<br />
* Miscellaneous display and data validation improvements.<br />
* New [[Reaction Editor]] version 1.3 supports 3 different formats of the rct files and can be used with SysCAD 9.2, SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and latest SysCAD 9.3 Build 137.<br />
<br />
=== Other RB Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* User data, for example extents, are saved and recovered correctly when editing a reaction file and adding new reactions, deleting reactions or re-ordering reactions.<br />
* The internal state for most of the data for each of the reactions are now saved and recovered correctly. This is ideal for viewing, using or reporting reaction details immediately after a project load without the requirement to first solve.<br />
<br />
= User interface =<br />
<br />
=== New Report Template ===<br />
<br />
Users can now run standard Steady State SysCAD reports for their projects. These are off-the-shelf ready to go reports that will work for all steady state projects. <br />
With any steady state project open, simply open the Excel Automation Dialog box, and SysCAD will automatically add in the [[Adding_and_Executing_Excel_Reports#Report_Templates_and_Default_Reports|default reports]]:<br />
* 02GeneralReport.xlsx: This includes a simple stream information report and a simple overall mass balance report.<br />
* 04DetailedReport.xlsx: This includes many reports extracting various information from the project, including Stream information reports, reactions, controls and other sub model reports.<br />
* Generate the report to populate the data from the project.<br />
<br />
=== Species Filter ===<br />
<br />
# Users can now filter the species on the Sp tab of pipes and other units to show only the species of interest. For example, if the user is interested in seeing only species contains Chlorine, they can enable the Filter and show only species contains Cl. Filter can be applied to Elemental definition or species tags. This functionality is especially useful for projects containing many species. Please see [[Species Flow Section#Filter On/Off Button|Filter On/Off Button]].<br />
# The [[Free Energy Minimisation (FEM)|FEM Reactor]] also allows users to filter the species view, based on elements or text and/or Cp temperature range. This makes it much easier to configure and troubleshoot this model.<br />
# The [[Species Properties ($SDB)]] page also allows users to filter the species, including additional option to filter based on temperature range for Cp.<br />
<br />
=== [[Excel Tag Select Reports|Excel TagSelect]] Reporting Improvements ===<br />
<br />
* New optional GroupBy parameter with various options to separate groups of tags in the resulting report. For example, create neater reports by separating graphics pages with headings and a few blank lines.<br />
* TagSelect report generation time decreased significantly when using any of the optional ClearTags, ClearRange or Clear parameters.<br />
* Makes use of the improved TagSelect Engine that can now return lists of SubTypes (Sub Models). Ideal for easily reporting all SubModels such as all Reactions, EHX, Makeups, etc.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Merge Project ===<br />
<br />
Significant improvements for [[Merge Project]] functionality:<br />
* Most importantly global options for a project are compared and differences reported. User can chose to proceed using global settings from the current or imported project.<br />
* Improved reporting of tag and file conflicts.<br />
* Faster project merge time (various speedups).<br />
<br />
=== Miscellaneous ===<br />
<br />
* Renamed File Menu to Project and other minor changes to other menus and toolbar buttons. See [[Menu Commands]].<br />
* Condition Messages in the messages window on the "Solver Conditions Messages" tab are sorted as Error, Warning, Note.<br />
* Improved how graphics flowsheet pages are listed in [[Plant Model - Flowsheets]] page. New and improved options for Activating and Deactivating graphics pages.<br />
* For species Nett flows shown on [[Links Table|Links]] page where there are multiple phases for the species selected in [[Plant Model - Settings]], a nett component tag is automatically added to easily report a nett species change. This makes species mass balance reporting significantly easier using TagSelect; for example for water balance using new Links tag Nett.Qm.H2O.<br />
<br />
=== New Global Conversions Options ===<br />
<br />
On the ''Manage Conversion Defaults and Display'' dialog box (Edit - Conversions - Defaults and Display..), there are three additional global options:<br />
* allow units with or without slashes (eg. t/h vs tph)<br />
* allow units with or without carets (^) (eg. m^3 vs m3)<br />
* allow units with or without 'a' for absolute in pressure units (eg. psia vs psi).<br />
<br />
Please refer to [[Conversions#Defaults and Displays..|Conversions - Defaults and Displays]] for more information.<br />
<br />
= Stream Property Improvements =<br />
<br />
Various new fields for stream properties have been added to [[Material Flow Section]]:<br />
* New fields to show some [[Material Flow Section#Solution Impurities|Solution Impurities]] such as TDS and TSS under new "Solution Impurities" heading. Most of these fields will only be shown if the user has chosen to display the ''SolutionImpurities'' in the [[Plant Model - Views|Plant Model - Views tab page]] or from the [[Material Flow Section#Content Buttons|''Include Properties'']] dropdown list on the first page of the material flow section.<br />
* Expanded optional [[Material_Flow_Section#H2O_Properties|H2O Properties]] section to include separate water and steam display of IF97 properties as well as the H2O properties for the currently selected equations.<br />
* New fields in [[Material_Flow_Section_-_Flow|Material Flow]] Section for Volume fractions for Solid, Liquid and Vapour phases. Also new Solid and Liquid mass fractions in Slurry, shown under Mass Fractions heading.<br />
* New VapourFraction and SubCooling@P shown under [[Material_Flow_Section#Saturation_Values|Saturation Values]].<br />
<br />
= Solver Improvements =<br />
<br />
* Functionality for Activating and Deactivating pages, including from PGMs has been improved and is more robust.<br />
* '''Project Networks Information''' - A new tab page has been added to the [[Plant Model]] access window called [[Plant Model - PrjNetworks|PrjNetworks]]. This tab page shows information on the independent flow networks in the project including number of nodes (units and links) and whether it is currently active. Users can also easily copy information on each network to the clipboard or use the find command to select all nodes in the network.<br />
* A new option (Execute.Optimisation) has been added to the [[Solver Setting - FS Solver]] page to allow the solver to optimise the solver evaluation sequence multi-threading either via the number of nodes or evaluation time.<br />
<br />
= Controller [[PGM]] (and [[MP]]) Improvements =<br />
<br />
* Expanded PGM [[Matrix Class]] and [[Array Class]] with a number of new methods, including functions for matrix algebra.<br />
* Added new '''GetValues''' method to [[Tag Select Class]] that returns an Array of values for a specified field. Eliminates need to loop through TagSelect models, concatenate tags and retrieve individual tags. See [[Tag_Select_Class#Steady-State_Project_Mass_Balance|example]].<br />
* Implemented new keywords [[PGM_Programming_and_Conventions#SetChangeTagOn_and_SetChangeTagOff|'''SetChangeTagOff''' and '''SetChangeTagOn''']] which controls if MP or PGM files must be searched for any Change Tags. By default this is off for Model Procedures (MP) and on for General Controller (PGM). This impacts time taken for change tag, especially when multiple tag changes such as during merge project.<br />
<br />
= "Under the Hood" Changes =<br />
<br />
* Compiled with Microsoft C++ 2015 making use of new features in VS2015, Standard Libraries and ISO C++11.<br />
* Significantly enhanced SMDK (SysCAD Model Developers Kit). Expanded list of helper classes and new methods for existing classes.<br />
* Reduced memory use for projects allowing even larger projects with more species. New error messages when available memory is very low and prevent solve under these conditions.<br />
* Various general and solver speed improvements.<br />
* Some splitting and reorganisation of code and models in libraries (DLLs).<br />
* Various underlying code improvements, enhancements and modernisation.<br />
<br />
= Tutorial =<br />
<br />
Updated Tutorial documentation and videos. Please see '''[[Tutorial]]''' in the Help documentation.<br />
<br />
= Examples =<br />
<br />
* [[Example Projects 9.3|Example projects]] distributed with SysCAD have been updated and there are a number of new example projects.<br />
<br />
= Build 137 Changes that may affect results or project upgrade =<br />
<br />
* The method of programmatically activating or deactivating flowsheets via the [[Plant Model - Flowsheets\Plant Model - Flowsheets tab]] has changed. If you have used the functionality on this tab to activate or deactivate flowsheets in pgms or from Excel, then please be aware that you will need to change the method that you use to do this.<br />
* Random number generator now uses the C++ standard library. This could affect results when using the [[Controller -- Noise|Noise Controller]] or [[Noise Class|PGM Noise Class]].<br />
* PGM and MP has a few more restricted variable names such as "Filename". If these were used PGM load errors occur. While upgrading, first change these in PGM file before first project save.<br />
* Some more hardwired conversions have been added to the [[Conversions#Conversions Database|Conversions Database]]. If the user had previously defined these in their [[Conversions Table|Project Database]] and the user definition (scale and offset) is not '''exactly''' the same as the hardwired definition, then the user conversion will be discarded on load (with an appropriate message). If this occurs, then for the user to (still) have this conversion available to them, they will have to tick ''Show'' in the [[Conversions#Defaults and Displays..|Conversions Defaults and Displays list]] next to the desired conversion unit.<br />
* H2O(l) is no longer allowed as a [[LockUp]] species. If a project previously used this, the user will receive a warning on load and the lockup value for H2O(l) will be set to zero.<br />
<br />
= Discontinued Functionality =<br />
<br />
* The ''Recognise H2O(l) as Aqueous'' option in the configuration file has now been removed. SysCAD will now always treat water as an aqueous species. There are still a number of methods available if the user wishes to separate water from other aqueous species or report aqueous flow excluding water. Please refer to [[General_Configuration#Recognise_Water_As_Aqueous|General Configuration]] for more information.<br />
* The option to define a default [[Makeup Source]] in [[Plant Model]] (on the [[Plant_Model_-_Settings#Direct_IO_Links|Settings tab]]) has been removed. Any makeup blocks which were using the default makeup source (and it was a valid source) will continue to work as previously, but if the makeup source needs to be changed, it must now be done on the makeup block access window.<br />
<br />
= Previous 9.3 Builds =<br />
<br />
* Build 136 was the first official release of SysCAD 9.3 (12<sup>th</sup> November 2015). For notes on upgrading SysCAD projects from 9.2 to 9.3 see [[Upgrade to SysCAD 9.3]]. See [[SysCAD 9.3 Release Notes]] and [[Revision History]].</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40967Explorer Window2017-10-24T08:43:43Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
=== Flowsheets grouped in Areas ===<br />
<br />
The Explorer Window is very useful when navigating a large project with multiple flowsheets. In addition to displaying all of the flowsheets, and Trends, in the project, the user may group the flowsheets into Areas on the '''[[Plant Model - Flowsheets|Plant Model Flowsheets tab]]''' and this helps with the navigation.<br />
<br />
The image below shows the same project with 12 flowsheets. The left window has all of the flowsheets in a single default Area, while the window on the right has flowsheets group by area:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 4.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]'''.<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available; <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed. The user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows are only available for dynamic projects) information will be ''Off'' by default. The user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window.<br />
<br />
If the user has added Areas to the project, then the flowsheets may be grouped by area. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics windows.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown in the left hand window above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
If the user has added Areas to the project, these will also be listed alphabetically, so again it is recommended that the areas are alphanumeric and follow the flow of the project, e.g:<br />
* 0100_FeedPrep<br />
* 0200_Copper<br />
* 0300_Nickel, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40966Explorer Window2017-10-24T08:37:11Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Flowsheets grouped in Areas */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
=== Flowsheets grouped in Areas ===<br />
<br />
The Explorer Window is very useful when navigating a large project with multiple flowsheets. In addition to displaying all of the flowsheets, and Trends, in the project, the user may group the flowsheets into Areas on the '''[[Plant Model - Flowsheets|Plant Model Flowsheets tab]]''' and this helps with the navigation.<br />
<br />
The image below shows the same project with 12 flowsheets. The left window has all of the flowsheets in a single default Area, while the window on the right has flowsheets group by area:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 4.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]'''.<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available; <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed. The user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows are only available for dynamic projects) information will be ''Off'' by default. The user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics and / or Trend windows.<br />
<br />
The windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40965Explorer Window2017-10-24T08:35:52Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
=== Flowsheets grouped in Areas ===<br />
<br />
The Explorer Window is very useful when navigating a large project with multiple flowsheets. In addition to displaying all of the flowsheets, and Trends, in the project, the user may group the flowsheets into Areas in the [[Plant Model]] and this helps with the navigation.<br />
<br />
The image below shows the same project with 12 flowsheets. The left window has all of the flowsheets in a single default Area, while the window on the right has flowsheets group by area:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 4.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]'''.<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available; <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed. The user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows are only available for dynamic projects) information will be ''Off'' by default. The user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics and / or Trend windows.<br />
<br />
The windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40964Explorer Window2017-10-24T08:33:33Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
=== Flowsheets grouped in Areas ===<br />
<br />
The Explorer Window is very useful when navigating a large project with multiple flowsheets. In addition to displaying all of the flowsheets, and Trends, in the project, the user may group the flowsheets into Areas in the [[Plant Model]] and this helps with the navigation.<br />
<br />
The image below shows the same project with 12 flowsheets. The left window has all of the flowsheets in a single default Area, while the window on the right has flowsheets group by area:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 4.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]''', the default behaviour is as follows:<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed, user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows is only available for dynamic project) information will be ''Off'' by default, user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics and / or Trend windows.<br />
<br />
The windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=File:Explorer_Window_4.png&diff=40963File:Explorer Window 4.png2017-10-24T08:31:31Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40962Explorer Window2017-10-24T08:31:14Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Flowsheets grouped in Areas */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
=== Flowsheets grouped in Areas ===<br />
<br />
The Explorer Window is very useful when navigating a large project with multiple flowsheets. In addition to displaying all of the flowsheets, and Trends, in the project, the user may group the flowsheets into Areas in the [[Plant Model]] and this helps with the navigation.<br />
<br />
The image below shows the same project with 12 flowsheets. The left window has all of the flowsheets in a single default Area, while the window on the right has flowsheets group by area:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 4.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Additional Information ===<br />
<br />
The image below shows a project with 6 graphics windows and 1 trend window:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window1.png]]<br />
|<br />
Notes:<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]''', the default behaviour is as follows:<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed, user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows is only available for dynamic project) information will be ''Off'' by default, user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics and / or Trend windows.<br />
<br />
The windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=File:Explorer_Window_3.png&diff=40961File:Explorer Window 3.png2017-10-24T08:29:24Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40960Explorer Window2017-10-24T08:29:04Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Flowsheets grouped in Areas */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
=== Flowsheets grouped in Areas ===<br />
<br />
The Explorer Window is very useful when navigating a large project with multiple flowsheets. In addition to displaying all of the flowsheets, and Trends, in the project, the user may group the flowsheets into Areas in the [[Plant Model]] and this helps with the navigation.<br />
<br />
The image below shows the same project with 12 flowsheets. The left window has all of the flowsheets in a single default Area, while the window on the right has flowsheets group by area:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 3.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Additional Information ===<br />
<br />
The image below shows a project with 6 graphics windows and 1 trend window:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window1.png]]<br />
|<br />
Notes:<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]''', the default behaviour is as follows:<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed, user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows is only available for dynamic project) information will be ''Off'' by default, user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics and / or Trend windows.<br />
<br />
The windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40959Explorer Window2017-10-24T08:27:28Z<p>Heather.Smith: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
=== Flowsheets grouped in Areas ===<br />
<br />
The Explorer Window is very useful when navigating a large project with multiple flowsheets. In addition to displaying all of the flowsheets, and Trends, in the project, the user may group the flowsheets into Areas in the [[Plant Model]] and this helps with the navigation.<br />
<br />
The image below shows the same project with 12 flowsheets. The left window has all of the flowsheets in a single default Area, while the window on the right has flowsheets group by area:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window3.png]]<br />
<br />
=== Additional Information ===<br />
<br />
The image below shows a project with 6 graphics windows and 1 trend window:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window1.png]]<br />
|<br />
Notes:<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]''', the default behaviour is as follows:<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed, user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows is only available for dynamic project) information will be ''Off'' by default, user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics and / or Trend windows.<br />
<br />
The windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=Explorer_Window&diff=40958Explorer Window2017-10-24T07:23:52Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Navigation: [[User Guide]] -> [[Windows]] -> Explorer Window<br />
<br />
This page is for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137 or later. For earlier builds, including SysCAD 9.3 Build 136 and SysCAD 9.2, please see [[Explorer Window 9.3]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The SysCAD Explorer Window may be accessed in any of the following ways:<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" <br />
|-<br />
|Command Button || [[Image:ExplorerButton.png]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|Command Path || ''View - Explorer'' || OR || ''Window - Select Window''<br />
|-<br />
|Short Cut Key || ''Ctrl+E'' || OR || ''Ctrl+W''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This window contains information regarding the [[Graphics Window|Graphics]] and [[Trend Window|Trend]] windows available in the project, as well as the units on each graphic. <br />
<br />
The Explorer window is not constrained within the boundaries of the SysCAD window and may be moved beyond the SysCAD limits, and if the user has dual monitors (highly recommended) this window may be located on the alternate monitor. <br />
<br />
This is a very useful feature, as the Explorer window in always on top and by moving it away from the SysCAD window you free up more space to view the actual project.<br />
<br />
The image below shows a project with 6 graphics windows and 1 trend window:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window1.png]]<br />
|<br />
Notes:<br />
#The Explorer default behaviour can be found on '''Tools | [[General Options]] | [[General_Options#Global|Global]]''', the default behaviour is as follows:<br />
#Graphics and Trend information are always available <br />
#Classes information are shown by default as the explorer window is accessed, user can right click to on this and choose hide to remove the information.<br />
#Nodes, Tears and Flows (Flows is only available for dynamic project) information will be ''Off'' by default, user may right click on the group and choose Show.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Existing Graphics and Trend Windows ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any Graphics or Trend window in the project by simply clicking on the required window in the Explorer window. SysCAD will activate the required window. This is a really useful feature for a large project that contains many Graphics and / or Trend windows.<br />
<br />
The windows are listed alphabetically in the Explorer window, as shown above. This is why it is often a good idea to number the flowsheets so that they follow the process flow, for example:<br />
* 01 Crushing and Screening<br />
* 02 Milling and Cycloning<br />
* 03 Leaching<br />
* 04 Counter Current Washing Circuit, etc.<br />
<br />
The Graphics windows are all listed first, followed by the Trend windows.<br />
<br />
== Manipulating Graphics Windows (Flowsheets) ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Overall Graphics Commands ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on 'Graphics' in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|[[Image:Explorer Window Graphics.png]]<br />
|<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions:<br />
<br />
# ''New Graphics Window'' allows the user to open a new flowsheet window.<br />
# ''[[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Tag Change]]'' opens the Bulk Tag change dialogue box, allowing the user to change a number of tags easily.<br />
# ''[[Graphics Commands#Colour Scheme|Colour Scheme]]'' allows the user to change the overall colour scheme of all flowsheets.<br />
# ''[[General Options#Graphics Window Behaviour|Window Behaviour]]'' allows the user to specify if graphics windows are sized, moved or displayed individually or together.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
# ''Copy Graphic, Tag List to Clipboard'' allows the user to paste a list of the graphics (flowsheet names) with all of the unit tags into another application, e.g. Excel, Word, etc.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual Flowsheets ===<br />
<br />
By right clicking on a Flowsheet name in the Explorer window the user will see the following pop up menu:<br />
<br />
This allows the user to carry out a number of actions on the flowsheet:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|Valign=top|[[Image:Explorer Window2.png]]<br />
|<br />
# The user can Activate or Deactivate the selected flowsheet by clicking on the 'Active' command (See also [[Solver Set up for Steady State Projects|Active Pages]]).<br />
# The user may rename the selected flowsheet (if a Trend window is selected, the user may also rename it using this command).<br />
# The user may use the 'Bulk Tag Change' command to change a number of Tags on the selected flowsheet. See [[Change Tag#Bulk Change Tag|Bulk Change Tag]]<br />
# The user may copy the bitmap of the selected flowsheet to be used in an external application, such as an Excel report or a word document.<br />
#: Please note that the Heading text that appears on the flowsheet may be changed by going to [[General Options#Graphics|Tools - General Options - Graphics Tab]]<br />
# The user may copy the Tag list of the selected flowsheet. The list of tags will depend on the Filter selection (at the bottom of the Explorer window). In the example shown above, the Tag List this will contain the tags of ALL units on the selected flowsheet because the filter has not been enabled.<br />
# The user may Delete the flowsheet (deletes all the models on the graphics page)<br />
# The user may close the flowsheet (NOT recommended). Any closed graphics pages are NOT saved, this could lead to missing graphics page and orphan models.<br />
# The user may Reset values for the individual flowsheet - this sets all flows to zero and clears any calculated values for the models. When the user presses the Solve button, the flowsheet will be forced to re-solve. Please also see [[Actions Commands#Reset|Action Commands - Reset]].<br />
# The user may remove any Qualities, size data, lockups, etc, from the flowsheet. This only removes any Quality that has built up in the flowsheet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Navigating to Unit models or Pipes ==<br />
<br />
The user may navigate to any unit model or pipe in the project by expanding the tree view and then clicking on the required unit or pipe in the Explorer window.<br />
<br />
This is shown in the image below (this is for a small project with only a single Graphics page - so that it is easier to view the units) <br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window4.png]]<br />
<br />
== Creating Equipment or Pipe List ==<br />
<br />
The user may limit the units that are displayed by using the ''Filter'' at the bottom of the Explorer Window.<br />
<br />
For example, if the user wishes to copy the pipes on a single graphics page, and the pipes all have the naming convention P_nnn, then in the filter window type P_.<br />
<br />
The following view is shown:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Explorer Window 5.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The user may then copy all of the pipe tags on Graphics Window 05_Flowsheet to another application, such as Excel to form the basis of a report, see [[Excel Get Tag Reports#SysCAD Report in a Table|Excel Reports]] .<br />
<br />
== Models Marked with Red Cross ==<br />
<br />
The model listing behaviour has changed in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291. In this build (or later), only missing models will be marked with red cross. <br />
<br />
A Missing Model refers to a SysCAD unit model that's been deleted, but the Graphics still exist. <br />
<br />
This could be a result from the following actions: <br />
<br />
*A SysCAD unit model/graphics page has been deleted<br />
*User closes graphics page without saving <br />
*User then saves the project. (Closed graphics page will NOT be saved)<br />
*User then closes and opens the project, and reopens the graphics page (that was not saved).<br />
<br />
As a result, the model has been deleted from the database but the graphics file has not been updated, thus causing the mismatch. <br />
<br />
The easiest way to check for missing models is by looking at the Graphics page directly (not from Explorer). If miss model exists, the models would appear grey and there is no access window when you click on them.<br />
<br />
The recommended action for Missing Model with graphics is to delete all the dummy graphics using '''[[Delete_Graphics_Commands#Delete|Graphics - Delete]]''', then re-build the flowsheet.<br />
<br />
<br />
For SysCAD builds SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14290 or earlier, two other types of Tags may appear with "red crosses" next to them. These inlcude:<br />
<br />
#Tear Flange (usually contain “ <>” or “Flng” in the Tag) - Please NOTE that these only appear in the explorer if the Tear (group) is hidden.<br />
#Direct Links / Makeup streams <br />
<br />
These Red Crosses means SysCAD can’t create a hot jump to Tear / Direct Link directly from the Explorer window, it does NOT mean the model is missing. So while checking for missing models please ignore these tags.<br />
<br />
:[[File:Explorer9.png]]<br />
<br />
This problem has been rectified in SysCAD 9.2 Build 135.14291.<br />
<br />
== Missing Graphics ==<br />
<br />
It is possible to get into a situation where "orphan" models without Graphics Representation exist in the SysCAD project. <br />
<br />
The missing Graphics could be due to user accidentally closing the Graphics Page, or Graphics Symbol got "corrupted" and has gone missing, thus creating "orphan" models without graphics representation. <br />
<br />
#If the models are valid and must exist, then the graphic symbols should be added back to the project.<br />
#*In the case of missing an entire page: try and located the missing graphic page from previously saved versions, copy back into the project and open it using Open file: "xxxx.scg"<br />
#*In the case of missing single Graphics Symbol:<br />
#**In the empty spaces where the graphics should be, use '''[[Insert_Graphics_Commands#Insert_Symbol|Graphics-Insert Symbol]]''' to add back an appropriate Graphics Symbol. (This is a dummy symbol)<br />
#**Use '''[[Construct_Graphics_Commands#Construct_Symbol|Graphics - Construct Symbol]]''' to attached this dummy symbol to an orphan model. (See also [[Manipulating_Graphics#Construct_Symbol|Manipulating_Graphics]])<br />
#If the Orphan models in the project are NOT required, then user can delete these orphan models using the Explorer Window:<br />
#*From the section called '''Missing Graphics''' under the graphics tree, open that tree to get a list of all the unit operations in the project without graphics.<br>[[File:MissingGraphics1.png]]<br><br />
#*If user wish to delete all the orphan models, simply right click on the word '''Missing Graphics''' to bring up a popup menu, select the option to '''Delete all nodes without graphics'''.<br />
#Once that is done, save the project, close and reopen Explorer to refresh the explorer list. User should find that the missing graphics is fixed.</div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=File:Button_-_Deactivate.png&diff=40956File:Button - Deactivate.png2017-10-24T05:57:15Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Heather.Smithhttps://help.syscad.net/index.php?title=File:Button_-_Activate.png&diff=40955File:Button - Activate.png2017-10-24T05:56:54Z<p>Heather.Smith: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Heather.Smith