# Thermocompressor 137

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NOTE: this page is only valid for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137. For Help on this model for SysCAD 9.3 Build 138 or later, see Thermocompressor

## General Description

A Thermocompressor is a form of steam ejector in which a flow of higher pressure primary steam is used to entrain lower pressure secondary steam. The discharge stream is at an intermediate pressure between the high and low pressure steam flows. This potentially enables recovery of some of the energy in the low grade steam.

One of the methods of the Thermocompressor model in SysCAD is based on data sheets from the Shutte and Koerting company.

The model operates in a Flash Train where the steam line follows Secondary Steam feed through to Product. Separately General Demand can be used on the Primary Steam Feed.

### Diagram

The diagram shows the default drawing of the Thermocompressor, with the required connecting streams. The unit will not operate unless ALL of the above streams are connected.

The physical location of the connections is not important, the user may connect the streams to any position on the drawing.

## Inputs and Outputs

 Label Required/Optional Input/Output No. of Connections Description Min Max Primary Required Input 1 1 The High Pressure steam feed to the unit. Secondary Required Input 1 1 The Low Pressure steam feed to the unit. Discharge Required Output 1 1 The discharge from the unit. This contains the steam at the Intermediate pressure.

## Behaviour when Model is OFF

If the user disables the unit, by un-ticking the On tick box, then the following actions occur:

• If the unit is set up in 'Demand' mode, then the demand for the high pressure steam will be set to 0;
• Otherwise, the unit will perform all calculations on the high and low pressure steams and produce an intermediate pressure steam product.

So basically, turning the unit 'Off' only has an effect if the high pressure steam is in 'Demand' mode.

## Model Theory

The options for predicting the behaviour of a Thermocompressor are:

1. Simple energy balance model with empirical corrections derived from the data; or
2. A simple 1 dimensional model with fitted parameters from manufacturers data; or
3. Full steam 1 dimensional model.

A large database, extracted from data curves produced by the Shutte and Koerting company, has been used to fit an energy balance model and a simple 1D model.

### Key Performance Parameters

Pp - Primary (motive) Pressure

Ps - Secondary (suction) Pressure

Pc - Discharge Pressure

$\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\mathit{\omega}} }$ - Entrainment ratio = Mass of Secondary Steam/Mass of Primary Steam

Er - Expansion ratio = Primary Steam Pressure/Secondary Steam Pressure

Cr - Compression ratio = Discharge Pressure/Secondary Steam Pressure

### Energy Balance Mode

The Energy Balance mode assumes that the flow through the Thermocompressor is adiabatic.

In this mode the user chooses the efficiency of the Thermocompressor and the enthalpy of the product steam is calculated using the following equation:

$\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\mathrm{h_c = h_s+\frac{\eta(h_p-h_s)}{1+\omega}}} }$

where:

hc - Product steam Enthalpy
hp - Primary (HP) steam Enthalpy
hs - Secondary (LP) steam Enthalpy
$\displaystyle{ \eta }$ - Thermocompressor Efficiency

Assuming that the product steam is saturated, then the discharge pressure, Pc, can be calculated.

The user can specify the desired entrainment ratio and the model can set the flow of Primary (HP) steam to achieve this if the user enables the Demand functionality.

### 1D Model based on S&K Data

This model is based on the one dimensional analysis which:

• Is based on Shutte & Koerting data curves;
• Does not depend on any explicit assumptions about the dimensions and the internal geometry of the thermocompressor;
• Requires at the most 1 user specified parameter - The entrainment ratio, which may be selected if the user enables the Demand functionality for the Primary (HP) steam.
• Assumes the discharge steam is saturated.

### Full Steam 1D Model

This model is based on the one dimensional analysis which:

• Does not depend on any explicit assumptions about the dimensions and the internal geometry of the thermocompressor;
• Requires as few user specified parameters as possible.
• Can be "tuned" to manufacturer's data.
• Is based on the properties of steam, rather than an ideal gas approximation.

### Demand Connection

If the User Value method is chosen for Entrainment, then the user can choose from one of two options for the demand connection for the Primary (HP) Inlet.

1. Stand Alone: The required flow will be calculated but no demand is set in the inlet pipe. The user can choose to configure another controller to set the required flow (eg. Set Tag Controller, PID Controller or General Controller).
2. General Demand: The required flow will be calculated and the demand is set in the inlet pipe.

1. The secondary pressure is always less than the primary pressure.
2. The discharge pressure is always saturated and is less than the primary pressure and greater than the secondary pressure.
3. There is an envelope of pressures and flow rates within which the device operates.
4. The Entrainment ratio is restricted to between 10 and 400%.

### References

1. WeiXiong Chen, Ming Liu, DaoTong Chong, JunJie Yan, Adrienne Blair Little, Yann Bartosiewicz. A 1D model to predict ejector performance at critical and subcritical operational regimes. International Journal of Refrigeration 36 (2013) 1750-1761.
2. Shutte & Koerting. Performance Data on Jet Compressors. Bulletin 4F Supp.
3. Hisham El-Dessouky, Hisham Ettouney, Imad Alatiqi, Ghada Al-Nuwaibit. Evaluation of Steam Ejectors. Chemical Engineering and Processing (2002) 551-561.
4. Yveline Marnier Antonio, Christelle Périlhon, Georges Descombes, Claude Chacoux. Thermodynamic Modelling of an Ejector with Compressible Flow by a One Dimensional Approach. Entropy 2012, 14, 599-613.

## Data Sections

The default access window consists of several sections:

1. Thermocompressor tab - contains the main configuration information relating to the unit.
2. STC tab - Only be visible when Method = Full Steam 1D Model. Displays results of calculations.
3. STC2 tab - Only be visible when Method = Full Steam 1D Model. Displays results of calculations.
4. Info tab - contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.
5. Links tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams.
6. Audit tab - contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See Model Examples for enthalpy calculation Examples.

### Thermocompressor Page

Unit Type: Thermocompressor - The first tab page in the access window will have this name.

Tag (Long/short)

Input / Calc

Description/Calculated Variables / Options

#### Requirements

On Tick Box This is used to enable or disable the unit. If the unit is disabled and the unit is configured to act in 'Demand' mode, then the Primary Steam flow to the unit will be set at the minimum flow.
Method Energy Balance User specifies desired efficiency and model calculates outlet pressure of Low Pressure stream.
1D Model - S&K Data User specifies desired outlet pressure of Low Pressure stream and model calculates efficiency.
Full Steam 1D Model User specifies Mixing Efficiency and Area Ratio and model calculates other parameters. Additional results displayed on the STC and STC2 pages.
EfficiencyReqd / EffReqd Input Only visible if Method = Energy Balance. The user specifies the required efficiency of energy transfer from the High Pressure steam to the product steam.
MixingEfficiency / MixEff Input Only visible if Method = Full Steam 1D Model. The mixing efficiency parameter to account for frictional losses in the mixing zone.
AreaRatio Input Only visible if Method = Full Steam 1D Model. The ratio of the area at the diffuser exit to the area of the straight section of the thermocompressor. Used when calculating the stream conditions at the diffuser exit.
Entrainment.Method Calculated The model will calculate the entrainment ratio of High pressure to Low pressure steam. In this case the flow of High pressure steam is set elsewhere in the project.
User Value The user specifies the desired entrainment ratio of High pressure to Low Pressure steam. The High pressure steam can be set as a 'Demand' connection, i.e. the Thermocompressor will calculate the required amount of High pressure steam = Low Pressure Steam/Entrainment Ratio and send this value to the High pressure steam connection. Alternatively, the user can use an external controller to set the steam flow to required amount.
EntrainmentRatioReqd / EntRatio_Reqd Input Only visible if Entrainment.Method = User Value. The unit will then calculate the amount of Primary (HP) steam required to satisfy the user defined entrainment ratio:
Primary Steam = Secondary (LP) steam / Entrainment Ratio.
The allowable range for this variable is 10 to 400% (Shutte & Koerting range).
Prm.DemandConnection
(Only visible if
Entrainment.Method = User Value)
Stand Alone No demand connection. The High Pressure steam flow is set externally to the model.
General Demand The High Pressure steam feed comes from (directly or indirectly) a Feeder with Demand.On selected. The demand logic will aim to match the High Pressure steam mass flowrate to the Thermocompressor requirements.

#### Results

EntrainmentRatio / EntRatio Calc This is the entrainment ratio of the LP steam with the HP steam. Entrainment Ratio = LP steam mass/HP steam mass.
If the HP steam is in 'Demand' mode, then this value should be equal to the Entrainment Ratio specified by the user.
ExpansionRatio / ExpRatio Calc Expansion Ratio = HP steam pressure/LP steam pressure.
CompressionRatio / CompRatio Calc Compression Ratio = Discharge steam pressure/LP steam pressure.
IdealWork Calc Only visible if Method = Energy Balance. The maximum amount of work that the HP steam can produce, i.e. if Efficiency = 100%.
ActualWork Calc Only visible if Method = Energy Balance. The actual amount of work available from the HP steam.
DischargeHz Calc Only visible if Method = Energy Balance.
HeatFlow Calc Energy Out - Energy In
GridDisplay Tick Box This is a global selection, if this is selected, then where available, variables will display in a table format, if not selected, they will be listed in separate groups as a single list.
(If Entrainment.Method = User Value, then the following section will be shown:)

#### Calculated Primary Vapour Flow Demand

Prm.MassFlow.Reqd Calc The required mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream.
Prm.MassFlow.Actual Calc The actual mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream.
Prm.MassFlow.Error Calc The difference between the required and actual mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream, Prm.MassFlow.Reqd - Prm.MassFlow.Actual.
Prm.MassFlow.RelErr Calc The relative difference between the required and actual mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream, (Prm.MassFlow.Reqd - Prm.MassFlow.Actual)/Prm.MassFlow.Reqd.

#### Feed and Product Conditions

The following values will be displayed for the Primary Steam (Prm), Secondary Steam (Sec) and Discharge (Dis) streams. If the 'GridDisplay'box is ticked, then they will be displayed in a grid, otherwise the variables for each stream will be displayed together in a group.
Temperature / T Calc The Temperature of each stream.
Pressure / P Calc The Pressure of each stream.
MassFlow / Qm Calc The mass flowrate of each stream.
VapourFraction / Vf Calc The Vapour fraction in each stream.

### STC Page

This tab will only be visible when the Method = Full Steam 1D Model.

Tag (Long/short)

Input / Calc

Description/Calculated Variables / Options

EnergyBalance Calc Total Enthalpy In - Total Enthalpy Out

#### Secondary Feed

SecFeed...
Pressure / p Calc The pressure of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Temperature / T Calc The temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
SatTemperature / Tsat Calc The saturation temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Quality / x Calc The steam quality of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Entropy / s Calc The entropy of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
StaticEnthalpy / h Calc The static enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
TotalEnthalpy / hT Calc The total enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
SpecificVolume / v Calc The specific volume of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Velocity / v Calc The velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Sonic Velocity / u Calc The sonic velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
MachNumber / M Calc The mach number of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.

#### Secondary Mixing

SecMix...
Pressure / p Calc The pressure of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Temperature / T Calc The temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SatTemperature / Tsat Calc The saturation temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Quality / x Calc The steam quality of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Entropy / s Calc The entropy of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
StaticEnthalpy / h Calc The static enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
TotalEnthalpy / hT Calc The total enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SpecificVolume / v Calc The specific volume of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Velocity / v Calc The velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Sonic Velocity / u Calc The sonic velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
MachNumber / M Calc The mach number of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.

#### Primary Feed

PriFeed...
Pressure / p Calc The pressure of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Temperature / T Calc The temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
SatTemperature / Tsat Calc The saturation temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Quality / x Calc The steam quality of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Entropy / s Calc The entropy of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
StaticEnthalpy / h Calc The static enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
TotalEnthalpy / hT Calc The total enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
SpecificVolume / v Calc The specific volume of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Velocity / v Calc The velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Sonic Velocity / u Calc The sonic velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
MachNumber / M Calc The mach number of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.

#### Primary Mixing

PriMix...
Pressure / p Calc The pressure of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Temperature / T Calc The temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SatTemperature / Tsat Calc The saturation temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Quality / x Calc The steam quality of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Entropy / s Calc The entropy of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
StaticEnthalpy / h Calc The static enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
TotalEnthalpy / hT Calc The total enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SpecificVolume / v Calc The specific volume of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Velocity / v Calc The velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Sonic Velocity / u Calc The sonic velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
MachNumber / M Calc The mach number of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.

### STC2 Page

This tab will only be visible when the Method = Full Steam 1D Model.

Tag (Long/short)

Input / Calc

Description/Calculated Variables / Options

#### Mixing Exit

MixExit...
Pressure / p Calc The pressure of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Temperature / T Calc The temperature of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
SatTemperature / Tsat Calc The saturation temperature of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Quality / x Calc The steam quality of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Entropy / s Calc The entropy of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
StaticEnthalpy / h Calc The static enthalpy of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
TotalEnthalpy / hT Calc The total enthalpy of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
SpecificVolume / v Calc The specific volume of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Velocity / v Calc The velocity of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Sonic Velocity / u Calc The sonic velocity of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
MachNumber / M Calc The mach number of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.

#### Shock Downstream

Downstream...
Pressure / p Calc The pressure of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Temperature / T Calc The temperature of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
SatTemperature / Tsat Calc The saturation temperature of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Quality / x Calc The steam quality of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Entropy / s Calc The entropy of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
StaticEnthalpy / h Calc The static enthalpy of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
TotalEnthalpy / hT Calc The total enthalpy of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
SpecificVolume / v Calc The specific volume of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Velocity / v Calc The velocity of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Sonic Velocity / u Calc The sonic velocity of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
MachNumber / M Calc The mach number of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.

#### Diffuser Exit

DiffExit...
Pressure / p Calc The pressure of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Temperature / T Calc The temperature of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
SatTemperature / Tsat Calc The saturation temperature of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Quality / x Calc The steam quality of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Entropy / s Calc The entropy of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
StaticEnthalpy / h Calc The static enthalpy of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
TotalEnthalpy / hT Calc The total enthalpy of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
SpecificVolume / v Calc The specific volume of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Velocity / v Calc The velocity of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Sonic Velocity / u Calc The sonic velocity of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
MachNumber / M Calc The mach number of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.

## Adding this Model to a Project

Insert into Configuration file

Sort either by DLL or Group.

 DLL: HeatExchange.dll → Units/Links → Heat Transfer: Thermocompressor or Group: Energy Transfer → Units/Links → Heat Transfer: Thermocompressor