Thermocompressor 137

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NOTE: this page is only valid for SysCAD 9.3 Build 137. For Help on this model for SysCAD 9.3 Build 138 or later, see Thermocompressor

General Description

A Thermocompressor is a form of steam ejector in which a flow of higher pressure primary steam is used to entrain lower pressure secondary steam. The discharge stream is at an intermediate pressure between the high and low pressure steam flows. This potentially enables recovery of some of the energy in the low grade steam.

One of the methods of the Thermocompressor model in SysCAD is based on data sheets from the Shutte and Koerting company.

The model operates in a Flash Train where the steam line follows Secondary Steam feed through to Product. Separately General Demand can be used on the Primary Steam Feed.

Diagram

The diagram shows the default drawing of the Thermocompressor, with the required connecting streams. The unit will not operate unless ALL of the above streams are connected.

The physical location of the connections is not important, the user may connect the streams to any position on the drawing.

Inputs and Outputs

Label	Required /Optional	Input /Output	No. of Connections		Description
			Min	Max
Primary	Required	Input	1	1	The High Pressure steam feed to the unit.
Secondary	Required	Input	1	1	The Low Pressure steam feed to the unit.
Discharge	Required	Output	1	1	The discharge from the unit. This contains the steam at the Intermediate pressure.

Behaviour when Model is OFF

If the user disables the unit, by un-ticking the On tick box, then the following actions occur:

• If the unit is set up in 'Demand' mode, then the demand for the high pressure steam will be set to 0;
• Otherwise, the unit will perform all calculations on the high and low pressure steams and produce an intermediate pressure steam product.

So basically, turning the unit 'Off' only has an effect if the high pressure steam is in 'Demand' mode.

Model Theory

The options for predicting the behaviour of a Thermocompressor are:

1. Simple energy balance model with empirical corrections derived from the data; or
2. A simple 1 dimensional model with fitted parameters from manufacturers data; or
3. Full steam 1 dimensional model.

A large database, extracted from data curves produced by the Shutte and Koerting company, has been used to fit an energy balance model and a simple 1D model.

Key Performance Parameters

P_p - Primary (motive) Pressure

P_s - Secondary (suction) Pressure

P_c - Discharge Pressure

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\mathit{\omega}} }[/math] - Entrainment ratio = Mass of Secondary Steam/Mass of Primary Steam

Er - Expansion ratio = Primary Steam Pressure/Secondary Steam Pressure

Cr - Compression ratio = Discharge Pressure/Secondary Steam Pressure

Energy Balance Mode

The Energy Balance mode assumes that the flow through the Thermocompressor is adiabatic.

In this mode the user chooses the efficiency of the Thermocompressor and the enthalpy of the product steam is calculated using the following equation:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\mathrm{h_c = h_s+\frac{\eta(h_p-h_s)}{1+\omega}}} }[/math]

where:

h_c - Product steam Enthalpy

h_p - Primary (HP) steam Enthalpy

h_s - Secondary (LP) steam Enthalpy

[math]\displaystyle{ \eta }[/math] - Thermocompressor Efficiency

Assuming that the product steam is saturated, then the discharge pressure, P_c, can be calculated.

The user can specify the desired entrainment ratio and the model can set the flow of Primary (HP) steam to achieve this if the user enables the Demand functionality.

1D Model based on S&K Data

This model is based on the one dimensional analysis which:

• Is based on Shutte & Koerting data curves;
• Does not depend on any explicit assumptions about the dimensions and the internal geometry of the thermocompressor;
• Requires at the most 1 user specified parameter - The entrainment ratio, which may be selected if the user enables the Demand functionality for the Primary (HP) steam.
• Assumes the discharge steam is saturated.

Full Steam 1D Model

This model is based on the one dimensional analysis which:

• Does not depend on any explicit assumptions about the dimensions and the internal geometry of the thermocompressor;
• Requires as few user specified parameters as possible.
• Can be "tuned" to manufacturer's data.
• Is based on the properties of steam, rather than an ideal gas approximation.

Demand Connection

If the User Value method is chosen for Entrainment, then the user can choose from one of two options for the demand connection for the Primary (HP) Inlet.

1. Stand Alone: The required flow will be calculated but no demand is set in the inlet pipe. The user can choose to configure another controller to set the required flow (eg. Set Tag Controller, PID Controller or General Controller).
2. General Demand: The required flow will be calculated and the demand is set in the inlet pipe.

Assumptions, Limitations and comments

1. The secondary pressure is always less than the primary pressure.
2. The discharge pressure is always saturated and is less than the primary pressure and greater than the secondary pressure.
3. There is an envelope of pressures and flow rates within which the device operates.
4. The Entrainment ratio is restricted to between 10 and 400%.

References

1. WeiXiong Chen, Ming Liu, DaoTong Chong, JunJie Yan, Adrienne Blair Little, Yann Bartosiewicz. A 1D model to predict ejector performance at critical and subcritical operational regimes. International Journal of Refrigeration 36 (2013) 1750-1761.
2. Shutte & Koerting. Performance Data on Jet Compressors. Bulletin 4F Supp.
3. Hisham El-Dessouky, Hisham Ettouney, Imad Alatiqi, Ghada Al-Nuwaibit. Evaluation of Steam Ejectors. Chemical Engineering and Processing (2002) 551-561.
4. Yveline Marnier Antonio, Christelle Périlhon, Georges Descombes, Claude Chacoux. Thermodynamic Modelling of an Ejector with Compressible Flow by a One Dimensional Approach. Entropy 2012, 14, 599-613.

Data Sections

The default access window consists of several sections:

1. Thermocompressor tab - contains the main configuration information relating to the unit.
2. STC tab - Only be visible when Method = Full Steam 1D Model. Displays results of calculations.
3. STC2 tab - Only be visible when Method = Full Steam 1D Model. Displays results of calculations.
4. Info tab - contains general settings for the unit and allows the user to include documentation about the unit and create Hyperlinks to external documents.
5. Links tab, contains a summary table for all the input and output streams.
6. Audit tab - contains summary information required for Mass and Energy balance. See Model Examples for enthalpy calculation Examples.

Thermocompressor Page

Unit Type: Thermocompressor - The first tab page in the access window will have this name.

Tag (Long/short)	Input / Calc	Description/Calculated Variables / Options
Common Data on First Tab Page
Requirements
On	Tick Box	This is used to enable or disable the unit. If the unit is disabled and the unit is configured to act in 'Demand' mode, then the Primary Steam flow to the unit will be set at the minimum flow.
Method	Energy Balance	User specifies desired efficiency and model calculates outlet pressure of Low Pressure stream.
	1D Model - S&K Data	User specifies desired outlet pressure of Low Pressure stream and model calculates efficiency.
	Full Steam 1D Model	User specifies Mixing Efficiency and Area Ratio and model calculates other parameters. Additional results displayed on the STC and STC2 pages.
EfficiencyReqd / EffReqd	Input	Only visible if Method = Energy Balance. The user specifies the required efficiency of energy transfer from the High Pressure steam to the product steam.
MixingEfficiency / MixEff	Input	Only visible if Method = Full Steam 1D Model. The mixing efficiency parameter to account for frictional losses in the mixing zone.
AreaRatio	Input	Only visible if Method = Full Steam 1D Model. The ratio of the area at the diffuser exit to the area of the straight section of the thermocompressor. Used when calculating the stream conditions at the diffuser exit.
Entrainment.Method	Calculated	The model will calculate the entrainment ratio of High pressure to Low pressure steam. In this case the flow of High pressure steam is set elsewhere in the project.
	User Value	The user specifies the desired entrainment ratio of High pressure to Low Pressure steam. The High pressure steam can be set as a 'Demand' connection, i.e. the Thermocompressor will calculate the required amount of High pressure steam = Low Pressure Steam/Entrainment Ratio and send this value to the High pressure steam connection. Alternatively, the user can use an external controller to set the steam flow to required amount.
EntrainmentRatioReqd / EntRatio_Reqd	Input	Only visible if Entrainment.Method = User Value. The unit will then calculate the amount of Primary (HP) steam required to satisfy the user defined entrainment ratio: Primary Steam = Secondary (LP) steam / Entrainment Ratio. The allowable range for this variable is 10 to 400% (Shutte & Koerting range).
Prm.DemandConnection (Only visible if Entrainment.Method = User Value)	Stand Alone	No demand connection. The High Pressure steam flow is set externally to the model.
	General Demand	The High Pressure steam feed comes from (directly or indirectly) a Feeder with Demand.On selected. The demand logic will aim to match the High Pressure steam mass flowrate to the Thermocompressor requirements.
Results
EntrainmentRatio / EntRatio	Calc	This is the entrainment ratio of the LP steam with the HP steam. Entrainment Ratio = LP steam mass/HP steam mass. If the HP steam is in 'Demand' mode, then this value should be equal to the Entrainment Ratio specified by the user.
ExpansionRatio / ExpRatio	Calc	Expansion Ratio = HP steam pressure/LP steam pressure.
CompressionRatio / CompRatio	Calc	Compression Ratio = Discharge steam pressure/LP steam pressure.
IdealWork	Calc	Only visible if Method = Energy Balance. The maximum amount of work that the HP steam can produce, i.e. if Efficiency = 100%.
ActualWork	Calc	Only visible if Method = Energy Balance. The actual amount of work available from the HP steam.
DischargeHz	Calc	Only visible if Method = Energy Balance.
HeatFlow	Calc	Energy Out - Energy In
GridDisplay	Tick Box	This is a global selection, if this is selected, then where available, variables will display in a table format, if not selected, they will be listed in separate groups as a single list.
(If Entrainment.Method = User Value, then the following section will be shown:)
Calculated Primary Vapour Flow Demand
Prm.MassFlow.Reqd	Calc	The required mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream.
Prm.MassFlow.Actual	Calc	The actual mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream.
Prm.MassFlow.Error	Calc	The difference between the required and actual mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream, Prm.MassFlow.Reqd - Prm.MassFlow.Actual.
Prm.MassFlow.RelErr	Calc	The relative difference between the required and actual mass flow of the primary (high pressure) stream, (Prm.MassFlow.Reqd - Prm.MassFlow.Actual)/Prm.MassFlow.Reqd.
Feed and Product Conditions
The following values will be displayed for the Primary Steam (Prm), Secondary Steam (Sec) and Discharge (Dis) streams. If the 'GridDisplay'box is ticked, then they will be displayed in a grid, otherwise the variables for each stream will be displayed together in a group.
Temperature / T	Calc	The Temperature of each stream.
Pressure / P	Calc	The Pressure of each stream.
MassFlow / Qm	Calc	The mass flowrate of each stream.
VapourFraction / Vf	Calc	The Vapour fraction in each stream.

STC Page

This tab will only be visible when the Method = Full Steam 1D Model.

Tag (Long/short)	Input / Calc	Description/Calculated Variables / Options
EnergyBalance	Calc	Total Enthalpy In - Total Enthalpy Out
Secondary Feed
SecFeed...
Pressure / p	Calc	The pressure of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
SatTemperature / Tsat	Calc	The saturation temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Quality / x	Calc	The steam quality of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Entropy / s	Calc	The entropy of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
StaticEnthalpy / h	Calc	The static enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
TotalEnthalpy / hT	Calc	The total enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
SpecificVolume / v	Calc	The specific volume of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Velocity / v	Calc	The velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Sonic Velocity / u	Calc	The sonic velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
MachNumber / M	Calc	The mach number of the secondary (low pressure) steam feed stream.
Secondary Mixing
SecMix...
Pressure / p	Calc	The pressure of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SatTemperature / Tsat	Calc	The saturation temperature of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Quality / x	Calc	The steam quality of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Entropy / s	Calc	The entropy of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
StaticEnthalpy / h	Calc	The static enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
TotalEnthalpy / hT	Calc	The total enthalpy of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SpecificVolume / v	Calc	The specific volume of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Velocity / v	Calc	The velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Sonic Velocity / u	Calc	The sonic velocity of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
MachNumber / M	Calc	The mach number of the secondary (low pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Primary Feed
PriFeed...
Pressure / p	Calc	The pressure of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
SatTemperature / Tsat	Calc	The saturation temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Quality / x	Calc	The steam quality of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Entropy / s	Calc	The entropy of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
StaticEnthalpy / h	Calc	The static enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
TotalEnthalpy / hT	Calc	The total enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
SpecificVolume / v	Calc	The specific volume of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Velocity / v	Calc	The velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Sonic Velocity / u	Calc	The sonic velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
MachNumber / M	Calc	The mach number of the primary (high pressure) steam feed stream.
Primary Mixing
PriMix...
Pressure / p	Calc	The pressure of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SatTemperature / Tsat	Calc	The saturation temperature of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Quality / x	Calc	The steam quality of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Entropy / s	Calc	The entropy of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
StaticEnthalpy / h	Calc	The static enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
TotalEnthalpy / hT	Calc	The total enthalpy of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
SpecificVolume / v	Calc	The specific volume of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Velocity / v	Calc	The velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
Sonic Velocity / u	Calc	The sonic velocity of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.
MachNumber / M	Calc	The mach number of the primary (high pressure) steam stream at the entry to the mixing zone.

STC2 Page

This tab will only be visible when the Method = Full Steam 1D Model.

Tag (Long/short)	Input / Calc	Description/Calculated Variables / Options
Mixing Exit
MixExit...
Pressure / p	Calc	The pressure of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
SatTemperature / Tsat	Calc	The saturation temperature of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Quality / x	Calc	The steam quality of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Entropy / s	Calc	The entropy of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
StaticEnthalpy / h	Calc	The static enthalpy of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
TotalEnthalpy / hT	Calc	The total enthalpy of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
SpecificVolume / v	Calc	The specific volume of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Velocity / v	Calc	The velocity of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Sonic Velocity / u	Calc	The sonic velocity of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
MachNumber / M	Calc	The mach number of the combined stream at the mixing zone exit.
Shock Downstream
Downstream...
Pressure / p	Calc	The pressure of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
SatTemperature / Tsat	Calc	The saturation temperature of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Quality / x	Calc	The steam quality of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Entropy / s	Calc	The entropy of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
StaticEnthalpy / h	Calc	The static enthalpy of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
TotalEnthalpy / hT	Calc	The total enthalpy of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
SpecificVolume / v	Calc	The specific volume of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Velocity / v	Calc	The velocity of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Sonic Velocity / u	Calc	The sonic velocity of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
MachNumber / M	Calc	The mach number of the combined stream downstream of the normal compression shock.
Diffuser Exit
DiffExit...
Pressure / p	Calc	The pressure of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Temperature / T	Calc	The temperature of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
SatTemperature / Tsat	Calc	The saturation temperature of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Quality / x	Calc	The steam quality of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Entropy / s	Calc	The entropy of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
StaticEnthalpy / h	Calc	The static enthalpy of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
TotalEnthalpy / hT	Calc	The total enthalpy of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
SpecificVolume / v	Calc	The specific volume of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Velocity / v	Calc	The velocity of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
Sonic Velocity / u	Calc	The sonic velocity of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.
MachNumber / M	Calc	The mach number of the combined stream at the diffuser exit.

Adding this Model to a Project

Insert into Configuration file

Sort either by DLL or Group.

	DLL:	HeatExchange.dll	→	Units/Links	→	Heat Transfer: Thermocompressor
or	Group:	Energy Transfer	→	Units/Links	→	Heat Transfer: Thermocompressor

See Project Configuration for more information on adding models to the configuration file.

Insert into Project

Insert Unit

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Heat Transfer

→

Thermocompressor

See Insert Unit for general information on inserting units.